PARIS  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION,  1867. 
REPORTS  OF 'THE  .UNITED  STATES  COMMISSIONERS. 


REPORT 


COTTON, 


BY 


E  .    K  .     M  IT  D  <3r  E  , 

UNITED  STATES  COMMISSIONER, 


WITH    A 


SUPPLEMENTAL  REPORT, 

JiY 

B.    F.    NOUBSE, 

HONORARY   COMMISSIONER. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT     PRINTING     OFFICE. 
1869. 


PARIS  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION,  -1867. 
REPORTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  COMMISSIONERS. 


EIP  O  R  T 


UPON 


COTTON, 


BY 


E  .    R  .     M  IT  D  Cr  E  , 

UNITED  STATES  COMMISSIONER, 


WITH   A 


SUPPLEMENTAL  REPORT, 


BY 


B.    F.    NOURSE, 

HONORARY  COMMISSIONER. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT     PRINTIXG     OFFICE. 
1869. 


CONTENTS. 


REPORT  UPON  COTTON  BY  THE  SUB-COMMITTEE,  PARIS,  1867. 

List  of  cotton  samples  exhibited  and  referred  to  in  the  reports. — p.  8. 

SUPPLEMENTARY  REPORT. 
CHAPTER  I. 

THE  PRESENT   CONDITION   OF  THE    COTTON  CULTURE    IN   THE   UNITED 

STATES. 

Repeal  of  the  cotton  tax  and  its  effect— The  planting  in  1868— Estimated  crop  of  1868- 
'69  and  its  consequences— Deficiency  in  the  cotton  supply— The  future  product— Past 
accumulation — Present  and  future  increase  of  wealth  in  the  cotton  States — Opportu- 
nity for  cotton-spinning— Want  of  laborers— Large  plantations  must  give  place  to 
small  cotton  farms— Restoration  of  worn-out  soils— The  South  Carolina  phosphates— 

.   Improvements — Selection  of  seed,  &c. — pp.  9-22. 

.  CHAPTER  II. 

SKETCH  OF  THE  HISTORY  OF  THE  CULTURE  OF  COTTON  IN  THE  UNITED 
STATES  AND  OTHER  COUNTRIES. 

Introductory — United  States— First  cotton  planting— Prominent  incidents  in  colonial 
times — Invention  of  cotton  spinning  machinery — First  exports — Whitney's  cotton 
gin — Comparative  progress  of  cotton  consumption — Sea  Island  cotton — Statistics  of 
cotton  production— British  India— Egypt— Brazil— West  Indies  and  Guiana— Tur- 
key— Other  countries.— pp.  22-50. 

CHAPTER  III. 
COTTON  MANUFACTURING  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Prominent  events  in  the  history  of  the  cotton  manufacture — Statistics  of  manufacture — 
Averages  of  spindles — Returns  from  cotton  mills— Comparative  statement  of  the 
movements  of  cotton  in  Europe  and  the  United  States— Conclusion.— pp.  50-69. 


APPENDICES. 

Page. 

A.  CAPITAL  INVESTED  IN  THE  CULTURE  OF  COTTON  IN  1835 70 

B.  THE  AUGUSTA  COTTON  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY  OF  AUGUSTA,  GEORGIA 71 

C.  NATIVE  PHOSPHATES  OF  SOUTH  CAROLINA 71 

D.  BRITISH  COTTON  TRADE  AND  MANUFACTURES 74 

E.  EXPORTS  OF  COTTON  GOODS  FROM  NEW  YORK 86 

F.  COTTON-SPINNING  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 88 

G.  EXPORTS  OF  COTTON  FROM  THE  UNITED  STATES 89 

H.  COTTON-GROWING  IN  INDIA  AND  OTHER  COUNTRIES — REPORT  OF  THE  PRO- 
CEEDINGS OF  THE  MANCHESTER  COTTON  SUPPLY  ASSOCIATION 90 

I.    NOTICE  OF  ERRONEOUS  COTTON  STATISTICS 91 

K.  LIST  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  EXHIBITORS  OF  COTTON  AND  OF  THE  AWARDS 93 

L.  EEPORT  UPON  THE  PRODUCTION  OF  COTTON,  by  M.  ENGEL  DOLLFUS,  Mem- 
ber of  the  International  Jury.     [Translated  from  Vol.  VI  of  the  "  Rapports  du 

Jury  International."] 9(5 


EEEATUM. 

Page  19,  line  18,  for  "  adequate,"  read  inadequate. 


COTTON. 


KEPOET  OF  THE  SUB-COMMITTEE. 

FROM  THE  COMMITTEE  ON  RAW  MATERIALS  AND  THE  MANUFACTURE 

THEREOF,  ETC. 

The  few  samples  of  cotton  exhibited  from  the  United  States  were  not 
worthy  of  special  mention  as  representing  this  great  staple.  The  i  <  Cotton 
Supply  Association"  of  Manchester,  England,  had,  however,  prepared  and 
sent  to  the  Exposition  some  cases,  in  which  were  arranged,  suitably  for 
comparison  and  contrast,  samples  of  all  the  cotton  of  the  world — that  is 
to  say,  samples  from  every  country  and  of  every  kind  from  each  country, 
whence  was  produced  the  cotton  which  made  up  the  commercial  supply 
of  the  world  for  the  past  year.  The  Committee  regarded  this,  as  in  itself, 
a  literal  and  truthful  exhibition  of  the  cotton  "  of  all  nations,"  and  there- 
fore a  better  and  more  convincing  report  than  anything  descriptive  that 
could  be  written  to  show  the  present  position  of  our  country  in  relation 
to  others  in  cotton  growing.  By  the  aid  and  courtesy  of  the  secretary 
of  the  Manchester  Cotton  Supply  Association,  a  similar  collection  of 
samples,  but  more  full  and  complete,  was  prepared  at  Manchester  by 
request  of  the  Committee,  and  is  hereby  submitted  in  connection  with 
this  report,  and  with  the  suggestion  that  the  two  cases  containing  the 
collection  be  placed  for  preservation  and  reference  in  one  of  the  public 
offices  at  Washington.  In  the  two  cases  are  1541  samples  from  more 
than  40  different  countries  or  localities,  and  12  samples  of  cotton  seed. 

During  the  progress  of  our  civil  war  the  scarcity  of  cotton  carried 
prices  very  high,  reaching  in  Liverpool  to  3ld.  per  pound  for  middling 
Orleans,  and  24rf.  for  fair  Surats.  The  high  prices  and  extraordinary 
demand  thus  created  caused  and  extended  the  cultivation  of  cotton 
throughout  the  world  wherever  the  proper  physical  conditions  existed. 

In  1860  the  cotton  product  of  the  United  States  supplied  home  con- 
sumption, and  85  per  cent,  of  that  of  Europe. 

In  1864  the  United  States  imported  cotton  from  Liverpool  and  from 
some  producing  countries,  and  of  the  consumption  of  Europe  less  than 
10  per  cent,  was  of  the  growth  of  the  United  States. 

Two  remarkable  effects  resulted  during  this  period :  first,  the  improve- 
ment and  adaptation  of  machinery  for  spinning  the  short  staples  of  India, 
China,  Japan,  &c.;  second,  an  improvement,  still  more  important  as 
favoring  their  use  in  the  place  of  American  cotton,  obtained  in  the  char- 
acter of  their  staple  by  the  use  annually  of  American  or  Egyptian  seed. 
This  change  of  seed  has  produced  in  the  east  cotton  which  approaches 

1  See  list  of  these  appended  hereto. 


-IjNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 


closely  our  up?and  cotton  in  spinning  value.  A  further  change  for  the 
better  has  beeii\made  in  the  preparation  for  market  of  the  great  bulk  of 
India  cotton,  which  formerly  was  so  badly  charged  with  field  waste  and 
other  dirt  that  the  classifications  of  American  cotton  could  not  be  applied 
to  it. 

This  adulteration  has  been  lessened  very  materially.  Thus  it  appears 
that  the  improved  character  of  the  cotton,  in  staple  and  cleanliness,  con- 
curs with  the  improved  machinery  and  methods  of  use,  to  make  India 
cotton  approximate  much  nearer  the  value  of  American  cotton  for  all 
coarse  and  medium  work  than  before  the  war. 

British  India  is  our  chief  competitor  in  supplying  the  world  with  cotton 
We  have  noticed  their  relative  improvement  during  our  disability.  It 
should  be  noted  here  that  our  country  offers  a  higher  price  for  labor  than 
any  other.  The  cotton-growing  States  cannot  be  an  exception.  Other 
countries  that  produce  cotton  to  any  considerable  extent,  such  as  Egypt 
and  India,  have  labor  at  the  lowest  price — that  of  a  cheap  subsistence. 
The  position  of  the  planter  in  America  should  be  contrasted  with  that  of 
the  planter  in  India,  both  hiring  labor,  the  one  at  the  practical  cost  of 
$25  per  month,  the  other  at  a  cost  of  $25  per  year.  A  like  contrast  should 
be  made  between  the  ryot  of  India  and  the  farmer  of  America,  such  as 
it  is  hoped  and  believed  will  be  most  of  our  southern  citizens,  both  white 
and  black,  who  have  no  labor  but  their  own  and  their  families,  when  the 
only  salable  product  of  their  few  acres  shall  no  longer  be  taxed. 

The  annual  cotton  statistics  of  the  United  States  are  made  up  to  1st 
September.  It  is  the  point  of  time  between  the  old  crop  just  gone  and 
the  new  crop  just  coming  in.  It  is  a  fair  time  at  which  to  take  the  annual 
average  price. 

Middling  cotton  was  worth  in  New  York — 


1861. 

1862. 

1863. 

1864. 

1865.        1866. 

September  1 

Cents. 

22 

Cents. 
52 

Cents. 

67 

Cents. 

187 

Cents.      Cents. 
45              35 

Average  of  the  year  ending  September  1 

18 

431 

76 

117 

60     1          38 

Owing  to  the  great  fluctuations  in  the  rates  for  sterling  exchange,  or 
gold,  the  price  at  New  York  varied  from  that  in  Liverpool,  where  cotton 
statistics  are  made  at  the  end  of  the  year,  when  the  price  was  for  mid- 
dling Orleans: 


1861. 

1862. 

1863. 

1864. 

1865. 

1866. 

December  31  

Pence. 
12 

Pence. 
22 

Pence. 
27i 

Pence. 

27 

Pence. 
21 

Pence. 
15 

A  verBge  of  year  

7| 

16 

26J 

19 

COTTON.  5 

For  the  five  years,  1856-'60,  the  average  consumption  of  cotton  in  the 
world  was,  per  anmini — 

In  Europe N     3,755,000  bales,  or  1,574,700,000  pounds. 

In  the  United  States 720,000  bales,  or    331,300,000  pounds. 

Total  amounts 4,475,000  bales,  or  1,906,000,00ft  pounds. 


Of  which  was  grown  in  the  United  States  3,585,000  bales,  or  1,606,000,000 
pounds,  equal  to  84.26  per  cent,  of  the  whole. 

In  1864  the  whole  import  of  cotton  into  Great  Britain  was  2,587,000 
bales,  of  which  only  197,000  bales,  or  less  than  eight  per  cent.  (7.62)  were 
of  United  States  growth;  while  other  countries  supplied  92.38  per  cent., 
or  2,390,000  bales,  so  rapid  was  the  increase  in  their  production. 

In  1865  and  1866,  countries  other  than  the  United  States  supplied 
83.28  per  cent,  and  .69  per  cent,  respectively,  or  2,293,000  bales,  out  of  an 
import  of  2,755,000*  bales,  and  2,587,000  out  of  an  import  of  3,750,000, 
notwithstanding  that  50  per  cent,  had  been  lost  from  the  highest  price, 
or  from  31  pence  per  pound  in  1864  to  20  pence  in  1865,  and  15£  pence 
in  1866. 

At  this  time  (August,  1867)  the  value  of  cotton  is  still  declining.  In 
England  the  decline  encountered  already  since  the  close  of  our  war  has 
been  most  disastrous  to  importers  and  others  dealing  in  cotton ;  and  it 
is  believed  that  prices  will  fall  to  or  below  seven  pence  per  pound  for 
fair  Dhollerah,  (Surats,)  and  nine  pence  per  pound  for  middling  Xew 
Orleans,  which  last  price  would  be  equivalent  to  20  cents  per  pound  in 
Xew  York,  or  19  cents  per  pound  in  Xew  Orleans.  The  import  to 
Europe  (principally  to  Great  Britain)  from  India  is  already  large,  and 
will  probably  exceed  1,500,000  bales  for  this  year,  or  nearly  the  same  as 
last  year;  while  the  crop  of  the  United  States  for  1866-77,  including  the 
stock  remaining  September  1,  1866,  will  hardly  exceed  2,000,000  bales, 
from  which  700,000  must  be  taken  for  home  use,  leaving  for  export  only 
1,300,000  bales,  or  less  than  the  supply  to  Great  Britain  from  India  alone. 

Thus  it  appears  that  while  prices  have  fallen  so  far,  and  are  yet  falling 
from  year  to  year,  the  production  of  cotton  in  other  countries  is  contin- 
ued on  a  scale  so  large  that  a  large  surplus  remains  over  at  the  end  of 
each  year,  and  the  United  States  crop  supplies  only  about  35  per  cent, 
of  the  European  consumption. 

It  is  estimated  that  our  crop  this  year  will  be  more  than  2,500,000 
bales,  if  the  picking  season  be  favorable,  and  that  other  countries  will 
produce  as  much  as  the  average  of  the  last,  three  years,  if  not  more, 
which  may  be  shipped  to  Europe  in  greater  or  less  quantities,  as  the 
prices  shall  be  higher  or  lower.  Should  these  estimates  be  sustained  by 
the  fact,  it  seems  to  follow  as  a  necessity  of  the  bad  state  of  the  trade 
that  prices  shall  decline  to  a  range  below  a  just  value  in  view  of  the 
probable  future  supply,  and  far  below  the  cost  to  tjie  planter  who  has 
hired  labor  to  make  his  crop.  For  the  moment,  the  effect  of  so  great 


6  PARIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 

cheapening  of  prices  is  to  lessen  the  demand  instead  of  increasing  it, 
because  the  business  of  manufacturers,  which  is  the  source  of  demand 
for  consumption,  is  itself  suffering  and  unprofitable  under  a  great  decline 
in  the  value  of  their  products,  and  the  trade  insists  upon  further  conces- 
sion in  view  of  the  present  and  impending  decline  in  the  raw  material. 

Suppose  cotton  shall  decline  to  20  cents  per  pound  for  middling  in  New 
York.  This  would  return  to  the  planter  only  16  cents  on  his  plantation, 
and  the  planter  who  has  been  able  to  make  his  crop  with  hired  labor  at 
a  cost  not  exceeding  16  cents  must  have  had  very  favorable  conditions. 

If  the  price  shall  be  only  16  cents  in  ]S"ew  York,  (which  should  not  be 
regarded  as  impossible  in  view  of  the  possible  supply,  and  the  fact  that 
the  average  price  before  the  war  was  for  many  years  below  10  cents,) — 
if  the  price  shall  be  only  16  cents  in  New  York,  or  12  cents  to  the  planter, 
he  cannot  pay  his  hired  laborers  with  the  entire  net  proceeds. 

A  tax  of  2£  cents  per  pound  on  16  cents,  if  the  planter  shall  get  so 
much,  is  equal  to  15f  per  cent,  arid  on  12  cents  is  20f  per  cent.1 

When  the  first  excise  tax  of  3  cents  per  pound  was  laid  upon  cotton, 
middling  American  cotton  was  worth  50  cents  per  pound.  At  such  a 
price  there  would  have  been  great  profit  in  cotton  growing,  if  fair  crops 
were  obtained,  and  the  tax  would  have  been  lightly  felt.  The  price  fell 
to  35  cents  the  following  year,  notwithstanding  such  a  failure  of  the 
crop  as  left  that  price  unremunerative,  and  at  the  close  of  the  last  ses- 
sion Congress  reduced  the  tax  to  2J  cents  per  pound. 

When  Congress  again  assembles  the  price  of  the  new  crop  will  be 
known,  and  the  proportion  which  2£  cents  per  pound  bears  to  it. 

During  many  years  the  English  manufacturers  have  sought  to  extend 
and  improve  cotton  planting  in  various  countries.  In  promoting  this 
object  the  Manchester  Cotton  Supply  Association  has  been  the  chief,  as 
it  has  been  the  most  able  and  efficient,  agency.  Its  thorough  organiza- 
tion for  gathering  and  transmitting  information  to  and  from  all  parts  of 
the  world  prepared  it  for  the  emergency  occasioned  by  our  war,  when  it 
was  necessary,  by  prompt  diffusion  of  information,  encouragement,  seeds, 
machinery,  &c.,  to  avert  the  threatened  exhaustion  of  the  supply  of  this 
important  material,  and  mitigate  the  evils  of  its  scarcity. 

All  the  energy  and  perseverance  of  this  association,  guided  by  wise 
counsels  and  unceasing  experiments,  supported  by  the  wealth  it  could 
combine  with  the  favor  and  assistance  of  the  British  government,  had 
failed  to  achieve  success  in  introducing  the  culture  of  cotton  anywhere, 
or  to  extend  it  where  previously  existing,  as  in  British  India,  so  as  to 
compete  in  any  appreciable  degree  with  the  cotton  product  of  the  United 
States. 

1  In  proof  that  this  industry  cannot  bear  this  tax,  it  is  only  necessary  to  call  attention 
to  the  samples  of  India  cotton,  which,  when  selling  in  Liverpool  at  5<Z.  per  pound,  returns 
to  the  ryot  producer  in  India  only  2rf.  Upon  this  price  2£  cents  per  pound  is  equal  (at  135  for 
sterling)  to  Id.  or  50  per  cent.,  and  that  advantage  or  premium  is  offered  to  the  Indian  pro 
ducer  by  our  tax  system. 


COTTON.  7 

It  has  been  demonstrated  that  no  advantages  of  cheapness  of  labor 
elsewhere  could  counterbalance  our  advantages  of  soil  and  climate  for 
cotton-growing,  so  long  as  we  had  labor  well  organized  at  low  cost.  We 
lost  our  position ;  it  remains  to  be  seen  if  we  can  regain  it.  Short  as  was 
the  time,  1861  to  1865,  it  sufficed  to  work  out  wonderful  results  by  the 
extraordinary  power  of  price  in  forcing  cotton-growing.  Excessive  pro- 
duction and  supply  must  so  reduce  price  as  to  lessen  production  and 
enlarge  consumption.  Shall  the  cotton  product  of  the  United  States  be 
reduced  as  in  other  countries  I  or  shall  our  natural  advantages  be 
improved  to  restore  this  great  industry  to  its  proper  pre-eminence  f 
This,  it  is  believed,  depends  almost  entirely  upon  the  legislation  by 
Congress.  Should  an  excise  tax  be  continued,  it  is  very  evident  that 
production  in  the  United  States,  being  unprofitable  and  burdened,  must 
fall  away  until  scarcity  shall  again  cause  high  prices ;  whereas,  without 
the  tax,  the  southern  people  can  successfully  compete  with  the  world, 
and  more  than  recover  the  old  monopoly  of  supply. 

Having  carefully  observed  what  has  been  done  and  is  doing  by  other 
nations,  the  Committee  present  the  following  conclusions : 

1.  That  cotton-growing  in  our  southern  States,  if  untaxed,  can  be  con- 
ducted profitably  and  successfully  as  against  all  competition  elsewhere. 

2.  That  if  burdened  by  a  tax  sufficient  to  be  worth  to  the  treasury 
the"  cost  of  its  collection,  it  cannot  at  present,  if  ever,  be  successfully 
prosecuted. 

3.  That,  already  familiar  to  our  people  in  all  its  details,  it  is  the  only 
industry  immediately  available  and  practicable,  to  the  great  body  of  the 
laboring  population  of  the  south,  for  the  profitable  employment  of  sur- 
plus labor ;  that  is,  beyond  the  necessities  of  crops  for  subsistence,  in 
the  production  of  something  salable  and  exchangeable,  whereby  wealth 
can  be  regained ;  and, 

4.  That  the  importance  of  a  large  production  of  cotton  as  the  chief 
export  of  the  country  in  adjusting  balances  of  trade  and  exchanges,  and 
especially  in  its  bearing  upon  the  future  position  of  the  public  debt,  so 
largely  held  and  to  be  held  abroad,  cannot  well  be  overstated,  and  so  far 
transcends  the  value  of  the  present  tax,  that  to  preserve  the  latter  at  the 
cost  of  losing  the  former  would  be  a  "ha'penny- worth  of  wisdom  to  a 
pound  of  folly.7' 

In*  conclusion,  the  Committee  desire  to  acknowledge  their  indebtedness 
to  B.  F.  Nourse,  esq.,  of  Boston,  for  the  very  valuable  statistics  furn- 
ished by  him,  and  which  they  have  adopted,  as  coming  from  a  source 
entitled  to  the  highest  consideration,  his  long  acquaintance  and  connec- 
tion with  the  cotton  trade  of  the  United  States  having  given  him  unsur- 
passed opportunities  for  obtaining  correct  information. 

Eespectfully  submitted. 

E.  E.  MUDGE, 

United  States  Commissioner,  Paris  Exposition. 
PAKIS,  Augmt  2,  1867. 


8  PARIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 

List  of  cotton  samples  referred  to  in  the  report  of  the  Committee. 

SOUTH  PACIFIC. — Feejee  islands,  Navigator  islands,  Polynesian  islands, 
Earatpnga  islands,  Friendly  islands,  Tahiti,  (Society  islands,)  Oahu, 
(Sandwich  Islands,)  New  Caledonia  islands. 

AUSTRALIA. — Wooloomaloo,  New  South  Wales,  Sidney,  New  South 
Wales,  South  Australia,  North  Australia,  West  Australia,  Wide  Bay, 
Queensland. 

EASTERN  ASIA. — Java,  (American  seed,)  Java,  (native  seed,)  Philip- 
pine islands,  Shanghai,  Pegee,  Eangoon,  Siam. 

BRITISH  INDIA. — Tenasserim,  Assam,  Iiidore,  Palghant,  Dhullen, 
Broach,  Oomrawuttee,  Hinghenghat,  San  Ginned  Dharwar,  Dharwar, 
(New  Orleans  seed,)  Oomptah,  Ferozepur,  Chandah,  Salem,  Madras, 
(Bourbon  seed,)  Tinnevilly,  (Madras,)  Madras,  Chwyleput,  (New  Orleans 
seed,)  Berar,  (Egyptian  seed,)  Nagpore,  Delhi,  Shorapore,  (New  Orleans 
seed,)  Shorapore,  Hyderabad,  Khandeish,  (Berar  seed,)  Khandeish, 
(Egyptian  seed,)  Khandeish,  (Oomrawuttee,)  Kurrachee,  India,  (New 
Orleans  seed,)  Ceylon. 

AFRICA. — Soudan,  Natal,  Algoa  Bay,  (Cape  of  Good  Hope,)  Fort 
Beaufort,  (Cape  of  Good  Hope,)  Kaffraria,  Loanda,  Cape  Coast,  ^Gold 
Coast,  Bonny  river,  Onitsha,  Fernando  Po. 

INDIAN  OCEAN. — Mauritius. 

ASIA. — Georgia,  Circassia,  Caucasus,  Bagdad,  Mosul,  Kashan,  (Persia,) 
Jaffa,  Tarsus,  Smyrna,  Smyrna,  (New  Orleans  seed,)  Latakeea,  (Syria.) 

EASTERN  EUROPE. — Constantinople,  Moldavia,  Trebizond,  Salonica, 
(New  Orleans  seed,)  Thessaly,  Volo,  Volo,  (New  Orleans  seed,)  Serres, 
Mytilene,  Aleppo,  Enos,  Larnica. 

SOUTHERN  EUROPE. — Laconia,  (Greece,)  Patras,  (Sea  Island  seed,) 
Patras,  (Egyptian  seed,)  Patras,  (New  Orleans  seed,)  Sassano,  Italy,  (Sea 
Island  seed,)  Terra  di  Otranto,  (Siamese  seed,)  Marcerata,  Italy,  (New 
Orleans  seed,)  Catania,  Sicily,  (Nankeen,)  Naples,  (Sea  Island  seed,) 
Valencia,  Malta. 

NORTHERN  AFRICA. — Egypt,  Egypt,  (New  Orleans  seed,)  Algiers, 
Bona,  (Algiers,)  Eabat,  (Morocco,)  Mazogan,  (Morocco,)  Madeira. 

SOUTH  AMERICA. — Lima,  (Peru,)  Paita,  (Peru,)  Callao,  (Peru,)  Taena, 
(Peru,)  Bolivia,  Paraguasu  valley,  (Bolivia,)  Maraiiham,  Maccio,  Per- 
nambuco,  Soracoba,  (Brazil,)  Eio  Grande  do  Sol,  Ceara,  Suo  Paulo, 
(Brazil,)  Ecuador,  San  Luis,  Estardo,  (Bolivia,)  Berbice,  Demerara, 
Venezuela,  Costa  Eica,  Guatemala,  New  Granada,  Paraguay,  Eosario, 
(Argentine  Confederation,)  Buenos  Ayres,  Salto,  Catamania,  (Argentine 
Confederation,)  Maracaibo,  Salvador,  Honduras,  Yucatan,  (Mexico.) 

WEST  INDIES. — Jamaica,  Cuban  Vine,  (Jamaica,)  Jamaica,  (Sea 
Island  seed,)  St.  Kitts,  Trinidad,  St.  Thomas,  Tortola,  St.  Bartholomew, 
Dominica,  Tobago,  Porto  Eico,  Bahamas,  Antigua,  Turk's  Island,  St. 
Domingo. 

UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA. — Sea  islands,  New  Orleans,  Mobile, 
Uplands. 

Also  samples  of  12  kinds  of  cotton  seed. 


SUPPLEMENTARY   EEPOET. 


CHAPTER  I. 

THE  PRESENT  CONDITION  OF  THE  COTTON  CUL- 
TURE IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

REPEAL  OF  THE  COTTON  TAX  AND  ITS  EFFECT — THE  PLANTING  IN  1863— ESTIMATED 
CROP  OF  1868-'69  AND  ITS  CONSEQUENCES— DEFICIENCY  IN  THE  COTTQN  SUPPLY — 
THE  FUTURE  PRODUCT— PAST  ACCUMULATION— PRESENT  AND  FUTURE  INCREASE  OF 

WEALTH  IN   THE   COTTON   STATES — OPPORTUNITY   FOR   COTTON-SPINNING — WANT  OF 

LABORERS— LARGE  PLANTATIONS  MUST  GIVE  PLACE  TO  SMALL  COTTON  FARMS— RES- 
TORATION OF  WORN-OUT  SOILS— THE  SOUTH  CAROLINA  PHOSPHATES— IMPROVEMENTS 

—SELECTION  OF  SEED,  ETC. 

THE  CHANGE  SINCE  1867. 

Since  the  first  part  of  this  report  was  prepared,  in  the  summer  of  1867, 
nearly  eighteen  months  have  passed,  which  cover  one  of  the  most  inter- 
esting and  instructive  periods  in  the  history  of  the  culture  of  cotton  in 
America. 

For  a  better  comprehension  of  the  important  facts,  and  the  lesson 
which  they  convey,  it  is  well  to  recur  briefly  to  some  points  set  forth  in 
that  first  report,  which,  having  stated  the  unfavorable  circumstances 
attending  the  cotton  trade  in  the  latter  half  of  the  year  1867,  predicted 
a  further  decline  in  prices  in  Liverpool  "to  or  below  Id.  per  pound  for 
fair  Dhollera,  (Surat,)  and  9<7.  per  pound  for  middling  New  Orleans,  which 
last  would  be  equivalent  to  20  cents  in  New  York."  It  also  stated  that 
this  price  in  New  York  "would  return  to  the  planter  only  16  cents  on 
the  plantation,77  and  that  "if  the  price  shall  be  only  16  cents  in  New 
York,  or  12  cents  to  the  planter,  he  cannot  pay  his  hired  laborers  with 
the  entire  net  proceeds.77  The  event  gave  singular  confirmation  to  the 
anticipations  thus  expressed.  Under  the  depressing  influences  then  in 
force,  cotton  declined  in  price  until  December,  1867,  when  fair  Dhol- 
lera was  sold  in  Liverpool  at  5Jd.,  and  middling  New  Orleans  was  sold 
there  at  7|<Z.,  and  in  New  York  at  16  cents  per  pound.  The  first  half  of 
the  cotton  crop  of  the  United  States  for  1867-768  was  sold  by  the  planters 
for  less  than  its  cost  of  production. 

The  crop  of  that  year  was  much  less  in  its  yield  per  acre  than  the 
average  of  crops  before  the  war.  In  the  southwest  it  was  reduced  by 
spring  overflows  and  other  disasters,  while  labor  was  engaged  at  high 
prices  for  inefficient  and  irregular  service  in  the  greater  part  of  the  cot- 
ton-growing region.  The  relation  of  employer  and  employed  had  not 
2  c 


10  PAEIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 

found  its  proper  adjustment.  Thus  it  happened  that  the  second  of  the 
free-labor  crops  of  cotton  was  deficient  in  yield  for  the  area  cultivated, 
and  was  a  very  costly  one  to  the  producer ;  yet,  up  to  the  middle  of  Jan- 
uary,  1868,  it  was  selling,  as  above  stated,  for  less  than  the  average  cost 
of  its  production.  Then  it  Avas  subject  to  the  internal  revenue  tax  of  2J 
cents  per  pound ;  a  burden  too  great  to  be  borne,  when  cotton  was  sell- 
ing at  10  to  13  cents,  tax  paid. 

The  production  of  a  good  crop  of  cotton  requires  the  effectual  prepara- 
tion of  the  land  during  the  fall  and  winter  by  cleaning,  fencing,  plough- 
ing, &c.  The  beginning  of  this  work  may  not  be  deferred  beyond  Jan- 
uary $  yet,  just  then  everything  seemed  to  conspire  together  for  the  dis- 
couragement of  cotton-planting  in  our  country,  and  to  prevent  the  need- 
ful preparation  even  for  one  more  crop.  No  other  available  productive 
industry  offered  itself  instead,  and  there  was  a  widespread  gloom,  almost 
despondency,  throughout  the  south,  aggravating  the  discomforts  of  the 
poorer  people,  white  and  black,  who  in  many  districts  lacked  sufficient 
food  and  clothing. 

REPEAL   OF   THE   COTTON   TAX  AND   ITS  EFFECT. 

It  was  at  this  juncture  that  Congress  repealed  the  cotton  tax.  The 
expediency  and  necessity  of  that  legislation  had  been  stated  by  this  com- 
mittee in  the  first  part  of  their  report,  and  they  find  eminent  satisfaction 
in  presenting  now  a  statement  of  its  immediate  effects  in  the  develop- 
ment of  prosperity  and  comfort  within  the  cotton-growing  States  exceed- 
ing the  most  sanguine  expectations. 

It  was  the  turning  point.  The  mistake  of  continuing  that  tax  would 
have  been  potent  for  evil  and  forbidding  the  hope  of  improvement,  while 
the  act  for  its  repeal  was  charged  with  blessings  and  benefits,  operative 
now  and  for  all  time,  for  the  people  of  the  south,  indeed,  but  scarcely 
more  than  for  the  people  of  all  other  sections  of  the  common  country. 

It  made  sure  to  the  former  the  restoration  of  their  monopoly  of  the 
cotton  supply  of  the  world,  and  opened  the  way  to  a  rapid  improvement 
in  their  condition,  by  the  increase  of  wealth  and  development  of  indus- 
trial power  and  resources  beyond  precedent,  if  the  opportunities  shall 
be  reasonably  improved. 

It  had  been  argued  that  the  repeal  of  the  tax,  as  encouraging  the  cul- 
ture of  cotton,  Avould  further  depress  its  price  in  the  market. 

It  proved  otherwise.  The  price  was  adjusted  in  the  relations  of  the 
existing  supply  and  demand.  Almost  coincident  in  time  with  the  act  of 
repeal,  cotton  began  to  improve  in  market  value.  This  occurred  early 
in  January,  and  before  the  end  of  April  middling  Neiv  Orleans  cotton  wras 
worth  33  cents  in  New  York  and  13Jd  in  Liverpool,  an  advance  from 
December  of  nearly  100  per  cent. 

THE  PLANTING  IN   18G8. 

Meanwhile  the  preparation  for  planting  was  going  on  under  the 
renewed  encouragements  given  by  these  changes  of  law  and  of  market. 


COTTON.  11 

Before  the  war,  the  general  custom  of  planters  was  to  obtain  from 
their  factors  or  bankers,  usually  the  former,  an  advance  of  money, 
enough  to  obtain  the  year's  supplies  and  cover  the  probable  expenses  of 
making  the  crop,  to  be  repaid  upon  sale  of  the  cotton. 

The  destruction  of  property  and  the  losses  by  the  war  in  the  south 
had  impoverished  the  people,  and  disabled,  to  a  great  extent,  the  whole 
body  of  planters.  Two  years  of  experiment  in  planting  under  a  new 
system  of  labor,  and  mainly  upon  money  borrowed  under  pledge  of  the 
crop  or  plantation,  or  both,  had  resulted  in  the  exhaustion  of  credit  as 
well  as  capital.  Planters  without  money ;  factors  and  bankers  unable 
or  unwilling  any  longer  to  supply  it ;  and  laborers  needing  employment 
to  obtain  supplies  of  the  necessaries  of  life :  such  was  the  position  in 
January  when  work  began  for  planting  the  crop  of  1868-'69. 

One  other  material  fact,  bearing  upon  the  position  of  American  cotton- 
planting  as  it  stood  in  January,  1868,  should  be  mentioned  here. 

The  adversities  of  the  two  years  preceding  had  fallen  upon  both 
planters  and  hired  laborers,  and  had  not  been  without  their  uses.  The 
freedinen  had  learned  that  liberty  did  not  carry  the  right  to  be  idle  or 
unfaithful,  and  that  the  coveted  citizenship  had  its  duties  as  well  as  its 
privileges ;  while  the  planters  had  been  learning  that  the  almost  univer- 
sal opinion  expressed  in  the  phrase  "the  negro  will  not  work"  (as  a 
freeman)  was  a  mistake,  and  that  it  was  practicable  to  make  a  cotton 
crop  with  free  labor  if  only  the  proper  understanding  could  be  estab- 
lished. Interference  had  in  a  good  degree  ceased,  and  the  two  parties 
specially  interested  came  together  under  a  common  interest,  which  to 
one,  if  not  both,  was  as  imperative  as  necessity.  Here  was  the  begin- 
ning of  the  practical  recognition  of  the  true  relations  of  labor  and  capi- 
tal, which  only  need  to  be  fully  and  intelligently  applied  throughout  the 
south,  among  both  races,  and  guided  by  an  enlightened  sense  of  public 
and  private  justice,  to  secure  to  the  southern  States  the  full  benefit  of 
the  superior  climate,  soil,  and  mineral  and  other  resources  with  which 
they  have  been  endowed  by  nature.  These,  rightly  used,  will  bring 
increase  of  population,  wealth,  education,  refinement ;  and  these  again 
will  develop  a  strength  and  power  impossible  under  the  system  which 
was  displaced  for  this  better  one,  the  first  fruits  of  which  are  now  to  be 
considered. 

The  sanguine  hopes  which  attended  the  planting  of  1866  and  1867 
were  all  gone  when  the  work  of  preparation  became  necessary  in  Janu- 
ary 1868.  There  was  the  one  encouragement  given  by  the  act  of  Congress, 
that  whatever  cotton  should  be  produced  after  1867  would  be  exempt 
from  all  direct  tax.  Planters  could  not  repeat  the  offers  of  high  wages 
current  in  the  previous  two  years.  Yet  the  lesser  wages  and  shares  of 
crop  which  they  did  offer  were  more  readily  accepted  and  better  earned 
by  their  hired  people  than  the  greater  wages  of  those  previous  years. 
As  the  planting  progressed,  the  remark  came  from  all  quarters:  "The 
freedmen  are  working  well." 


12  PARIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 

It  is  to  be  assumed  that  tlie  area  of  laud  put  under  preparation  for 
cotton  under  the  discouraging  circumstances  which  have  been  described, 
was  less  than  would  have  been  planted  by  the  same  persons  under  more 
favorable  conditions,  and  far  less  than  the  labor  of  the  country  was 
capable  of  working  well.  However,  the  price  of  cotton  continued  to 
advance  up  to  May,  and  doubtless  the  better  promise  of  the  future  value 
thus  given  co-operated  with  the  increased  strength  derived  from  the 
higher  prices  at  which  the  last  third  of  the  crop  of  1867-?68  was  sold  to 
extend  the  planting  to  a  late  period  in  the  spring. 

Late  planted  cotton  is  exposed  to  injuries  from  caterpillar,  early  frost, 
&c.,  which  are  escaped  by  the  early  planted  portion  by  reason  of  its 
more  mature  condition.  In  the  States  east  of  the  Alabama  river  the 
season  has  been  unfavorable  compared  with  that  of  1867,  and  the  crop 
promises  to  fall  short  of  the  crop  of  that  year  by  20  per  cent.  In  the 
southwest,  on  the  contrary,  the  season  has  been  more  propitious,  and 
the  promise  is  of  a  material  increase  upon  the  preceding  crop. 

THE   ESTIMATED   CROP   1868-'G9 — ITS   CONSEQUENCES. 

The  total  culture  of  cotton  from  the  planting  of  1868  (crop  of  1868-'69) 
is  estimated  at  2,300,000  to  2,700,000  bales.  Taken  at  the  mean,  say 
2,500,000  bales,  and  at  the  average  value  in  southern  markets  now,  Jan- 
uary 1, 1869,  the  crop  is  worth  $270,000,000,  and  the  people  of  the  States 
producing  it  can  sell  from  it  to  the  value  of  more  than  $260,000,000,  after 
supplying  their  own  wants,  (say  90,000  bales.)  Further,  appropriate  for 
use  in  the  northern  and  western  States,  950,000  bales,  worth  $100,000,000, 
making  a  total  of  1,040,000  bales  retained  for  home  use,  and  there  would 
remain  for  export  to  foreign  countries  1,450,000  bales,  of  currency 
value  exceeding  $155,000,000,  sufficient  to  supply,  at  gold  rates,  about 
$115,000,000  value  in  foreign  exchange.  If  to  this  extraordinary  result 
be  added  the  value  of  the  sugar,  rice,  tobacco,  hides,  wool,  naval  stores 
and  other  saleable  productions  of  the  cotton-growing  States,  besides 
food  crops  more  than  enough  for  subsistence,  and  the  whole  be  consid- 
ered as  the  product  of  the  industry  of  a  people  so  enfeebled,  poor,  and 
disheartened  only  a  twelve  month  ago,  it  seems  marvellous  indeed.  And 
this  result  has  been  achieved  by  the  agricultural  people  of  the  south 
relying  upon  their  own  resources,  and  incurring  very  little  debt  outside 
the  plantation. 

The  agricultural  interest  of  the  south  has  won  its  independence.  It 
matters  not  how  the  proceeds  of  all  these  crops  shall  be  divided  between 
the  landholder  and  the  laborer,  (except  as  to  the  wisdom  of  future  use,) 
so  that  there  shall  be  this  actual  addition  of  wealth  or  buying  power 
that  is  represented  in  the  value  of  productions  sold  above  the  amount 
paid  for  articles  consumed.  This  excess  is  profit,  and  this  profit  is  here- 
after to  be  reckoned  by  hundreds  of  millions  of  dollars  annually. 


COTTON.  13 

THE  FUTURE  PRODUCTION  OF  COTTON. 

PRESENT  DEFICIENCY  IN  COTTON  SUPPLIES. 

The  fact  stands  clearly  demonstrated  that  the  supply  of  cotton  is  not 
equal  to  the  wants  of  the  world.  During  the  year  ending  September  30, 
1868,  the  consumption  of  cotton  in  Europe  and  America  exceeded  the 
supplies  brought  in  by  about  500,000  bales,  which  was  made  good  by 
drawing  down  to  that  extent  the  stocks  with  which  the  year  began.  This 
apparent  deficiency  would  have  been  reduced  100,000  to  200,000  bales 
if  the  Indian  crop  had  come  forward  as  early  as  usual.  Yet  the  fact  of 
insufficient  supply  remains.  Nor  can  the  probable  supply  of  the  year 
ending  September  30,  1869,  be  enough  to  prevent  a  similar,  though,  per- 
haps, smaller  demand  upon  the  already  reduced  reserves,  if  consump- 
tion shall  go  on  at  the  rate  of  the  year  past.  The  reserves,  or  stocks  in 
mills  and  markets  with  which  the  year  began,  (October  1,  1868,)  were 
too  small  to  bear  another  such  draft  upon  them  as  was  made  by  the 
deficiency  of  last  year. 

It  follows  that  consumption  must  be  checked,  and  probably  by  the 
force  of  high  prices  resulting  from  the  competition  to  secure  the  larger 
and  better  portion  of  the  cotton  in  market. 

The  American  crop  of  1868-'69  is  moving  off  at  the  high  prices  thus 
secured.  The  circumstances  attending  the  planting  of  the  crop  of 
1869-770  are  in  many  respects  quite  the  opposite  of  those  of  last  year. 

There  is  every  inducement  to  plant  as  much  cotton  as  possible,  and 
money  is  abundant  from  the  proceeds  of  the  crop  now  selling.  Should 
the  season  be  favorable,  a  considerable  increase  upon  the  yield  of  1868  is 
to  be  expected.  The  check  to  be  given  to  the  consumption  of  cotton  by 
its  scarcity  and  high  price  this  season,  must  reduce  the  supply  of  cotton 
fabrics  in  market,  and  thus  induce  a  larger  demand  in  the  ensuing 
season.  It  may  well  be  that,  under  the  present  very  high  prices,  the 
production  of  cotton  in  all  the  world  during  the  present  year  Avill  over- 
run the  consumption  for  a  time ;  if  so,  a  fall  of  prices  will  soon  enlarge 
the  latter,  because  cheap  goods  extend  the  markets  for  them.  Of  the 
present  crop  only  about  1,250,000  bales  (1,000,000  of  the  receipts  at 
ports,  and  250,000  bales  by  inland  routes  to  the  mills)  have  been  sold 
by  the  growers,  (January  1,1869  5)  and  it  is  already  announced  that  they 
hold  the  remainder  free  of  debt,  and  are  seeking  investments  for  their 
money.  In  proof  of  this,  attention  has  been  called  to  the  recent  con- 
siderable advance  in  the  value  of  the  shares  in  all  the  active  and  divi- 
dend-paying railroads,  manufactories,  and  banks.  One  of  the  leadiog 
cotton  brokers  of  New  York,  in  his  circular  for  Europe,  after  noticing  the 
facts  above  referred  to,  says  :  u  We  believe,  also,  that  hereafter  planters 
will  market  their  own  crops,  early  or  late,  as  may  appear  to  them  most 
advantageous  for  their  own  interest.  Their  ability  to  do  so  is  much 
greater  now  than  before  the  war.  Manchester  spinners  will  do  well  to 
make  a  note  of  this." 


14  PARIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 

THE   PLANTINGS  FOR   THE   CROP   OF   1869-70  AND   THE  FUTURE. 

Inducements  to  large  planting  will  open  employment  to  every  person 
able  and  willing  to  work,  and  may  renew  a  hurtful  competition  for  labor, 
leading  to  excessive  wages.  All  this,  however,  must  be  left  to  adjust 
itself  under  the  operation  of  demand  and  supply,  and  further  results 
will  complete  the  imperfect  demonstration  of  the  past  year,  that  cotton- 
growing  by  labor  left  free  to  assert  its  own  price,  and  not  burdened  by 
unwise  imposts,  is  cheaper  and  more  profitable  to  the  individual  planter 
than  planting  by  slave  labor  could  be  under  its  most  favorable  circum- 
stances, while  the  community  will  gain  in  wealth,  and  the  best  uses  of 
wealth  beyond  anything  conceived  by  men  of  the  past  generations. 
Other  countries  producing  cotton  will  also  enlarge  their  several  contri- 
butions towards  the  commercial  supply  under  these  high  prices  and 
demand. 

At  some  time,  probably  not  distant,  production  so  stimulated  will 
outrun  consumption,  and  leave  a  surplus  beyond  the  want  of  the  year 
large  enough  to  depress  prices  extremely.  Following  the  natural  law, 
this  must  lead  to  a  larger  consumption  and  a  reduced  production. 

Cotton  culture  will  be  most  reduced,  or  cease  altogether,  in  those 
countries  where  it  has  been  introduced  or  sustained  only  by  awar 
prices,"  and  will  be  continued,  or  even  increased,  where  most  favored 
by  natural  advantages.  In  that  competition  our  country  has  everything 
in  its  favor.  The  strength  now  accumulating  will  sustain  our  cotton 
production  through  the  period  of  depression,  and  show  its  practical 
monopoly  re-established  for  supplying  cotton  adequate  to  the  wants  of 
the  commercial  world.  It  may  be,  again,  that  prices,  which  will  be  fairly 
remunerative  here,  will  be  too  low  to  sustain  the  cotton  culture  of  less 
favored  countries  in  comparison  with  other  pursuits. 

It  was  written  of  the  southern  States  in  1861 11  "  The  present  capacity 
of  labor  applicable  to  cotton- growing  and  the  land  now  open  are  equal 
to  the  annual  production  of  5,000,000  bales.  Of  the  rich  lands  within 
the  borders  of  the  cotton  States,  not  one-fourth  have  yet  been  cultivated. 
They  can  be  made  to  yield  any  supply  of  cotton  that  the  consumption 
of  the  world  shall  demand,  up  to  20,000,000  bales,  of  500  pounds  each, 
annually.  Nor  will  labor  be  wanting  adequate  to  any  progressive 
increase  of  demand  for  cotton.  Five  years  ago  it  was  held  to  be  impos- 
sible to  obtain  labor  to  handle  and  pick  a  crop  of  4,000,000  bales,  yet  last 
year  a  crop  of  4,675,000  bales  was  prepared  and  marketed.  Labor  is  now 
more  effective  than  it  was  twenty  years  ago.  *  *  *  Such  are  the 
improvements,  relieving  human  with  brute  labor,  substituting  the  mule 
and  plough  for  the  man  and  hoe  in  field  work,  and  in  better  implements 
and  processes,  that  the  produce  of  one  man's  labor  is  nearly  equal  to 
that  of  three  men  twenty  years  ago;  his  labor  is  more  easily  performed, 
and  the  planter  feeds,  clothes,  and  insures  but  one  instead  of  three. 

1  By  the  writer  of  this  report. 


COTTON.  15 

The  crop  in  the  field  is  more  even  in  growth  and  in  the  opening  of  the 
bolls,  so  that  each  hand  can  pick  much  more  in  a  given  time  than  for- 
merly. The  produce  per  acre  has  increased  everywhere — in  the  fertile 
lands  of  Mississippi,  and  in  the  worn  lauds  of  Georgia  and  the  Caroliuas ; 
the  latter  by  use  of  fertilizers  and  more  thorough  working  of  the  land. 
Xor  has  improvement  ceased.  It  will  continue  as  well  in  the  manual 
operations  and  application  of  better  husbandry  and  more  fertilizers  to 
the  soil  as  in  more  skill  and  more  intelligence  in  the  laborers  of  each 
successive  generation,  and  all  more  systematized.  *  *  *  This  being 
the  position  of  cotton-planting  in  the  United  States,  having  all  the  con- 
ditions necessary  to  success — climate,  cheap  labor,  ready  access  to  mar- 
ket, and  ability  to  sustain  itself  at  six  cents  per  pound — what  part  of 
the  world  can  offer  to  compete  with  them  f 

"  Suppose  a  succession  of  unfavorable  seasons,  or  other  contingency, 
shall  cut  down  the  American  supply,  and  prices  so  advanced  as  to 
encourage  cotton-planting  in  various  other  quarters;  these,  aided  by 
high  prices,  prosper  a  few  years  and  contribute  sensibly  in  aid  of  the 
supply  from  India  and  the  United  States.  The  latter,  also  enjoying  the 
high  prices,  extend  the  culture ;  good  seasons  ensue ;  they  make  large 
crops — 5,000,000  or  6,000,000  bales.  Suddenly  the  world  is  overstocked — 
has  on  hand  a  stock  for  a  year  or  two  in  advance.  Inevitably,  prices 
would  foil  to  a  range  ruinously  low — not  enough  to  pay  the  cost  of  prep- 
aration for  market  and  freights  from  distant  points.  The  United  States 
planters  would  still  go  on  and  wait  for  a  turn  of  prices  in  their  favor. 
But  the  planting  elsewhere  would  die  out  as  it  has  before,  except  where 
sustained  by  a  local  market,  as  in  India  and  China." 

True  as  was  the  statement  of  our  superior  natural  advantages  for  cot- 
ton-growing in  1861,  it  is  in  a  higher  degree  true  now,  with  this  remark- 
able difference :  that  in  passing  that  " other  contingency,"  which  "cut 
down  the  American  supply  and  advanced  prices  so  as  to  encourage  cot- 
ton-planting in  various  other  quarters,"  another  and  cheaper  labor  sys- 
tem has  been  substituted. 

PAST  ACCUMULATION  OF  WEALTH  FROM  THE  PRODUCTION  OF  COTTON. 

During  the  ten  years  1851-1860,  the  crops  produced  in  the  cotton- 
growing  States,  (cotton,  sugar,  tobacco,  rice,  &c.,)  not  consumed  at  home, 
left  a  surplus  of  proceeds  from  sales  amounting  to  about  $1,200,000,000, 
an  average  of  $120,000,000  per  year,  which,  less  the  amount  required  to 
be  expended  beyond  their  borders  for  the  comforts  or  luxuries  of  life, 
should  have  been  so  much  added  to  the  reproductive  capital  within 
those  States.  If  one-half  only  was  thus  required,  the  other  half,  or 
$60,000,000  per  year,  should  have  been  put  to  profitable  use. 

Throughout  the  southern  States  some  internal  improvement  was  in 
progress,  chiefly  in  the  form  of  railroads.  In  some  States,  as  in  Geor- 
gia, these  works  had  been  largely  extended.  Cheaply  built  and  econom- 
ically operated,  they  generally  proved  to  be  profitable  investments,  capa- 


16  PARIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 

ble  of  rapidly  repaying  the  loans  incurred  for  their  construction,  which 
in  many  cases  covered  a  great  part  of  the  cost. 

A  large  amount  of  banking  capital  was  well  employed,  but  this,  when 
not  owned  abroad,  was  chiefly  the  product  of  the  commissions  and  other 
charges  upon  the  j>roduce  of  the  country,  and  not  to  any  considerable 
extent  drawn  from  the  accurnlating  capital  of  planters. 

The  capital  which  had  built  the  few  cotton  and  other  factories  and  the 
machine  shops  had  also  accrued  chiefly  from  charges  upon  the  produc- 
tions of  the  country.  What,  then,  was  done  with  the  $60,000,000,  or 
whatever  other  sum  represented  the  true  annual  gains  of  agriculture  in 
these  States  ?  The  statistics  of  population  show  pretty  clearly  that  a 
great  part  of  it  was  expended  in  importing  slaves  from  other  States.1 

PRESENT  AND  FUTURE  INCREASE  OF  WEALTH  IN  THE  COTTON  STATES. 

When  considering  this  subject  in  its  economical  aspect  only,  special 
effects  bearing  upon  individuals  or  classes  are  to  be  disregarded  for  the 
general  results  affecting  the  Avhole  community. 

Population  is  wealth.  Money  sent  from  Alabama  to  Virginia  to 
increase  the  laboring  power  of  Alabama,  even  by  importing  slaves  at 
$2,000  each,  added  in  some  degree  to  the  wealth  of  that  State.  But  if 
laborers  of  equal  productive  power  could  have  been  introduced  without 
expending  anything  for  them,  the  capital  expended  in  the  other  case 
would  have  been  saved,  and  the  community  would  have  gained  its  use 
in  some  other  form  of  productive  power,  as  in  tools,  machinery,  or  ani- 
mal labor,  with  which  to  supplement  and  increase  the  value  of  manual 
labor.  To  the  whole  people,  or  the  State,  that  is  just  the  difference,  in 
the  investment,  between  importing  a  slave  and  importing  a  free  laborer 
of  equal  capacity.  There  are  other  differences  to  the  State,  scarcely  less 
important  in  an  economical  view,  all  in  favor  of  the  free  laborer.  What- 
ever the  cotton-producing  States  expended  for  slaves  above  the  cost  of 
importing  an  equal  amount  of  free-labor  power  was  twice  lost  to  the 
community.2 

lieckouing  the  slaves  in  the  cotton  States  prior  to  1861  at  3,000,000  in 
number,  of  the  average  nominal  value  of  $500,  equal  to  1,000,000  full 
hands,  at  $1,500  each,  we  had  an  investment  of  $1,500,000,000;  and  to 
replenish  this  force  a  large  sum,  much  needed  for  other  uses,  was  annu- 
ally drawn  from  the  gains  of  those  States. 

If,  in  1860,  the  people,  by  unanimous  consent,  had  declared  the  eman- 
cipation of  all  those  slaves,  whether  with  or  without  compensation  to 
those  who  had  owned  their  service,  there  would  have  been  neither  loss 
nor  gain  to  the  community,  except  as  the  change  might  increase  or 
diminish  the  efficiency  of  labor  or  the  cost  of  its  maintenance.  There 
would  have  been  no  "annihilation  of  property,"  for  the  whole  labor 

1  See  Atkinson's  "Cheap  Cotton  by  Free  Labor,"  page  30,  and  DeBow's  Analysis  of  the 
Census  of  1850,  quoted  in  the  former. 

2  See  Appendix  A,  capital  invested  in  the  cotton  culture. 


COTTON.  17 

power  would  have  remained  as  before,  only  it  would  have  changed 
owners. 

Precisely  so  stands  the  effect  of  the  decree  of  emancipation,  made  as 
an  act  of  war,  with  this  difference,  however,  that  the  laborers  of  both 
races  were  sadly  reduced  and  demoralized  by  the  incidents  of  the  war 
which  wrought  the  change.  The  same  laboring  force  still  exists,  with 
the  exception  mentioned,  and  except,  also,  that  the  sudden  and  violent 
change  in  relations  between  capital  and  labor  render  further  time  and 
experience  necessary  to  make  it  fully  effective. 

While  it  is  indisputably  true  that  free  labor  is  always  cheaper  than 
slave  labor,  when  each  is  under  its  most  favorable  conditions,  the  dem- 
onstration of  that  truth  needs  more  favorable  circumstances  than  were 
found  in  the  years  1866,  1867.  The  prejudices  of  those  .who  must  use  it 
were  arrayed  against  it.  Scarcity  of  food  and  of  other  necessaries  of 
life  followed  an  exhausting  war.  The  sufferings  of  the  very  poor  of  both 
races  were  alleviated  by  government  rations  and  by  private  beneficence ; 
but  planters  were  compelled  to  supply  all  the  wants  of  themselves  and 
their  laborers,  while  breadstuff's  were  at  very  high  prices,  and  imple- 
ments, farming  animals,  and  their  subsistence  were  equally  scarce  and 
dear.  At  first  the  freedmen  were  not  disposed  to  work  for  hire — 
demanded  excessive  wages,  and  after  accepting  them,  too  often  ren- 
dered poor  service.  The  crops  of  both  cotton  and  grain  failed,  more  or 
less,  in  both  those  years  throughout  the  south.  In  some  cases  there  was 
failure  to  fulfil  contracts  on  the  part  of  the  employer,  from  disability  or 
other  causes,  while  the  "  shares  of  the  crop,"  which  had  been  accepted 
by  the  freedmen  as  wholly  or  in  part  in  lieu  of  wages,  too  often  resulted 
in  "  nothing  but  loss/7  leaving  the  freedmen  destitute  and  the  .planter 
in  a  condition  not  much  better. 

It  was  not  until  1868,  the  third  season  of  the  free-labor  experiment, 
that  it  became  generally  successful  in  its  operation  and  results.  Then 
improvement  appeared,  and  the  harvest,  abundantly  supplying  the  peo- 
ple with  cheap  food,  leaves  a  surplus  stored  up  for  the  future.  The 
profit  arising  from  the  sale  of  the  exportable  productions  of  the  same 
season  will  amount  to  $250,000,000 ;  and  a  reasonable  forecast  of  the 

[future  sees  a  promise  of  equal  gain  in  some  of  the  succeeding  years,  the 
increase  of  quantity  compensating  for  any  reduction  of  price. 
The  annual  gain,  be  it  150,000,000  or  $250,000,000,  is  no  longer  to  be 
wasted  in  the  purchase  of  labor,  when  as  good,  or  better,  will  be  obtained 
without  purchase  5  yet  the  capital  must  be  employed  and  will  seek  invest- 
ment. For  some  years  very  little  will  be  needed  in  opening  fresh  lands, 
of  which  there  is  already  too  much  open  for  the  labor  applicable  to  it. 
After  meeting  the  demands  of  agriculture  it  will  seek  other  profitable 
uses,  as  in  banking,  railroads,  manufactures,  machine-shops,  and  the 
other  active  employments  which  capital  finds  for  itself.  Prominent 
among  the  improvements,  that  of  reconstructing  the  levees  and  reclaim- 
ing the  most  fertile  of  cotton  and  cane  lands  should  be  one  of  th,e  first, 


18  PARIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 

and,  rightly  conducted,  one  of  the  most  profitable  for  the  employment  of 
money. 

OPPORTUNITY  FOR   COTTON   SPINNING. 

Proximity  to  cotton  fields  abundance  of  water  power  and  of  building 
materials  in  healthy  localities,  as  well  as  of  fuel,  both  wood  and  coal, 
and  cheap  labor,  not  suitable  for  the  field,  begging  employment,  all  indi- 
cate the  advantages  and  certainty  of  rapidly  extending  works  for  the 
manufacture  of  cotton  in  the  cotton-growing  States,  especially  for  the 
spinning  and  export  of  coarse  yarns.1 

WANT   OF   LABORERS. 

Now  that  capital  is  returning  into  the  cotton  States,  the  great  want 
there  will  be  labor,  a  better  use  of  what  they  have  and  more  of  it,  to 
extend  their  profitable  agricultural  business,  yet  carry  forward  the  other 
works  which  will  be  required.  So  far,  the  prevailing  conditions  in  the 
south  have  not  been  attractive  to  immigrants.  Poor  crops,  dear  food, 
destitution  of  the  common  laborer,  and  these  evils  too  often  aggravated 
by  disorder  and  violence,  were  reported  during  the  years  1866  and  1867. 

The  prosperity  of  1868  stands  in  marked  contrast  to  the  adversities  of 
the  two  years  preceding.  A  similar  prosperity  repeated  in  succeeding 
years  until  it  shall  be  regarded  as  the  rule  and  not  the  exception,  sup- 
ported by  assurance  of  peace  and  safety,  will  turn  the  tide  of  emigration 
freely  from  the  northern  States  and  from  Europe  to  the  cotton-growing 
States.  During  the  present  year  the  Pacific  railroad  will  be  completed 
and  opened,  a  highway  by  which  the  Chinese  and  other  coolies  or  Asiatic 
laborers  may  reach  the  cotton  fields  of  the  United  States.  They  are 
industrious,  frugal,  quiet,  and  numerous. 

1  The  publications  of  the  National  Association  of  Cotton  Manufacturers  and  Planters  con- 
tain some  correspondence,  from  which  we  select  the  following  statement  from  South  Carolina. 
(See  appendix  B  for  an  account  of  the  Augusta  factory.) 

"Mr.  L.  D.  Child,  of  Columbia,  S.  C.,  presents  the  following  statement  of  the  advan- 
tages which  that  section  of  the  country  offers  to  cotton  manufacturers  : 

"'1.  Climate. — Requiring  but  little  fuel.  Fires  necessary  only  two  or  three  months  in 
the  year.  Good  resinous-heart  pine  wood,  cut  and  corded  within  one  mile  of  the  factory, 
can  be  procured  at  only  one  dollar  per  cord.  Our  total  cost  for  fuel  for,  say,  three  months  in 
the  year,  is  less  than  one-te;.th  of  a  cent  per  pound  on  manufactures  of  those  months. 

"  '2.  Wages. — Land  is  cheap  and  we  are  enabled  to  give  each  family  of  operatives  a  very 
large  garden — large  enough  to  enable  them  to  raise  their  year's  supply  of  vegetables. 
Wages  are  consequently  lo\v. 

"  '  3.  Operatices.—Tlie  supply  is  far  greater  than  the  demand.  They  are  frugal  and  indus- 
trious. Girls  are  white.  Some  few  of  the  men  are  black. 

<4 '  4.  Freights. — We  save  the  freight  on  bagging  and  rope  and  waste,  an  important  item,  as 
we  can  sell  our  waste  to  local  paper  mills  at  nearly,  if  not  quite,  northern  rates.  In  the  sum- 
mer of  1867,  freight  on  one  bale  of  cotton,  worth,  say,  $80,  from  Charleston  to  New  York,  was 
from  $2  to  $4  50.  On  yarn,  worth,  say,  $1  20  per  bale,  only  60  cents,  a  difference  of 
about  2£  per  c^nt.  on  the  value. 

"  '5.  Cation.— We  purchase  of  the  producer  or  his  agent.  The  commissions,  brokerage, 
and  other,  charges  paid  by  northern  mills  are  therefore  avoided.  Reclamation  easy  and 
direct.'  " 


COTTON.  19 

The  people  of  the  south,  who  are  to  be  the  immediate  beneficiaries  of 
rapidly  increasing  wealth,  will  become  large  consumers  of  the  produc- 
tions of  other  States  and  otlier  countries,  and  in  that  capacity  will  con- 
tribute scarcely  less  than  as  producers  to  the  general  welfare,  the  exten- 
sion of  trade,  and  the  payment  of  the  national  debt. 

LARGE  PLANTATIONS  MUST  GIVE  PLACE  TO  SMALL  COTTON  FARMS. 

It  seems  to  be  conceded  in  the  south  that  the  large  plantation  system 
must  generally  be  abandoned,  in  the  culture  of  cotton,  for  smaller  hold- 
ings of  land  more  thoroughly  worked  under  the  direction  of  the  pro- 
prietors. This  will  favor  a  more  general  industry,  more  numerous  pro- 
prietary interests  requiring  personal  care,  better  economies,  and  a  con- 
stantly improving  agriculture,  which  will  preserve  the  fresh  lands  in  good 
fertility  and  restore  those  which  have  been  over-cropped. 

In  cotton  growing  as  in  market  gardening,  or  any  other  tillage  of  the 
soil,  it  pays  better  to  keep  a  small  body  of  land  (just  enough  for  a  full 
and  fair  use  of  the  labor  that  can  be  applied  to  it)  under  high  culture  by 
thorough  working  and  the  use  of  fertilizers,  than  to  half  cultivate  a 
larger  area  with  the  same  or  any  adequate  force. 

Since  the  war,  experiments  made  to  ascertain  how  much  cotton  can  be 
produced  upon  a  single  acre,  have  exhibited  remarkable  and  gratifying 
results.  When  made  with  "  spade  culture,"  stirring  the  soil  deeply  and 
often,  after  enriching  it  with  guano  and  phosphates,  the  product  has 
been  very  large.  In  one  case,  reported  upon  what  seems  to  be  good 
authority,  the  product  of  one  acre  was  four  bales,  or  over  1,600  pounds 
of  clean  cotton.  In  past  times  one  bale  to  the  acre  has  been  regarded 
as  a  fair  crop,  and  two  bales  a  very  large  one  on  the  very  richest  lands, 
while  half  a  bale,  or  about  250  pounds,  was  for  many  years  a  satisfactory 
result  in  Georgia  and  the  Carolinas,  where  the  lands  were  badly  worn. 
The  story  of  1,600  pounds  seems  almost  incredible,1  yet  it  is  no  more  in 
excess  of  ordinary  products  than  were  some  remarkable  root  crops — ruta- 
bagas and  mangel  wurtzels — that  have  been  obtained  by  the  same  pro- 
cess of  spade  culture.  Improvement  by  better  farming,  to  get  more 
cotton  from  less  land,  is  practicable,  and  should  be  sought  as  the  method 
of  true  economy,  saving  in  labor,  in  manure,  and  all  other  outlay,  yet 
increasing  the  income. 

RESTORATION  OF  WORN  SOILS — MINERAL  AND  ORGANIC  MANURES. 

The  value  of  the  calcareous  and  phosphatic  marls,  found  in  various 
parts  of  the  country,  for  fertilizing  and  renovating  impoverished  soils, 
has  long  been  known.  They  were  freely  used  in  the  older  portion  of  the 
cotton-growing  States  with  beneficial  effects.  During  the  few  years 

1  "  Mr.  D has  eyes  to  observe,  and  reports  exactly  what  he  sees.     He  tells  me  that  he 

knows  several  instances  where  double  the  usual  crops  have  been  made  on  small  patches,  and 
one  case  where  a  man  raised  four  bales  of  cotton  on  one  acre  of  ground,  the  whole  acre  culti- 
vated by  hand,  no  mule  needed,  nor  ass  either."— Extract  from  letter. 


20  PARIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 

prior  to  1861  some  importations  were  made  at  the  south  of  various  com- 
mercial fertilizers,  guanos,  ground  bones,  and  certain  nitrates,  phosphates, 
and  superphosphates,  some  very  good  and  some  having  very  little  value. 
The  importation  and  use  of  these  artificial  manures  had  been  greatly 
extended  just  before  the  war.  The  really  valuable  among  them,  such  as 
the  true  guanos  and  superphosphates,  had  a  marked  effect  in  the  increase 
and  better  quality  of  the  cotton  produced,  and  this  was  as  apparent  on 
the  light  and  much  worn  lands  of  the  Carolinas  and  Georgia  as  upon 
the  heavier  and  fresher  lands  further  west. 

THE  SOUTH  CAROLINA  PHOSPHATES. 

Since  the  war,  a  discovery  of  exceeding  value  to  the  agriculture  of  the 
whole  country,  and  especially  to  the  cotton  culture,  has  been  made  in 
the  "  native  bone  phosphate,'7  vast  beds  of  which  have  been  found  lying 
all  along  the  coast  of  South  Carolina  and  on  the  Sea  Islands ;  but  crop- 
ping out  and  most  easily  accessible  along  the  banks  .of  the  Ashley  and 
Cooper  rivers.  Eicher  in  these  phosphates  than  any  other  natural  deposits 
yet  discovered,  these  beds  lie  just  beneath  the  supersoil,  at  the  very 
doorway  into  the  cotton- growing  country.  A  description  of  them  and 
of  the  circumstances  leading  to  their  discovery  will  be  found  in  the 
Appendix  C,  in  a  letter  from  Dr.  N".  A.  Pratt,  whose  researches,  aided  by 
others,  have  opened  up  a  treasure  whose  value  cannot  now  be  measured. 

This  store  of  phosphates,  thus  prepared  in  nature's  laboratory  and  laid 
up  until  the  day  of  special  need,  contains  just  the  chemical  properties 
wanted  for  the  cotton  plant,  and  which  the  cotton  seed  had  been  abstract- 
ing from  the  soil.  So  long  as  cotton  seed  was  returned  to  the  soil  upon 
which  it  was  grown  the  deterioration  of  the  land  was  slow,  for  the  fibre 
of  cotton  took  but  little  from  it.1  But  cotton  seed  had  acquired  a  com- 
mercial value  for  the  oil  to  be  expressed  from  it,  and  for  the  rich  food 
for  cattle  and  sheep,  which  was  found  in  the  "  cake"  from  which  the  oil 

1S.  L.  Goodale,  esq.,  secretary  of  the  board  of  agriculture  in  Maine,  a  writer  upon  agri- 
cultural chemistry,  writes  thus :  "  I  can  conceive  of  no  reason  why  cotton  culture  should 
not  be  less  exhaustive  than  that  of  any  other  agricultural  crop  with  which  I  am  acquainted. 
Look  at  it ;  the  product  desired  is  merely  cellulose  or  woody  fibre.  In  this  form  it  possesses 
a  market  value  of,  we  will  say,  $100  per  acre,  but  to  return  to  the  soil  it  is  of  no  more  manu- 
rial  value  than  so  much  saw-dust  or  wood  in  any  other  form,  consequently  it  may  be  exported 
with  impunity.  Besides  this  there  is  a  side  product  of  seed  which  draws  heavily  upon  the 
soil ;  but  this  may  be  utilized  and  all  of  value  to  the  soil  be  returned  to  it.  The  seed  may 
be  decorticated,  and  the  oil  expressed  and  sold  with  no  loss  of  ash  constituents  from  the  soil. 
The  cake  remaining  possesses  both  feeding  and  manurial  value  in  a  high  degree.  Ground  to 
meal  arid  fed  in  connection  with  corn-fodder  and  annual  grasses,  (if  no  more  permanent 
grasses  can  be  grown  with  improved  management, )  it  can  be  converted  into  meat  and  manure, 
and  thus  fertility  be  fully  maintained  or  even  increased. 

"  Phosphatic  and  alkaline  constituents  exist  in  decorticated  cotton  seed  in  large  proportion. 
Its  ash  is  abundant,  being  not  less  than  7^  01  8  parts  in  100,  and  of  this  ash  39  per  cent,  is 
phosphoric  acid,  chiefly  in  combination  with  potassa,  a  little  with  magnesia,  and  a  very  little 
with  lime.  Thus  a  ton  of  cotton  seed  cake — that  is,  of  seed  with  the  hulls  taken  off  and  the 
oil  pressed  out  contains  about  60  pounds  of  phosphoric  acid,  which  in  a  soluble  form,  as 


COTTON.  21 

had  been  expressed.  It  could  no  longer  be  carted  back  upon  the  land 
as  a  manure.  The  land,  already  worn  by  many  years  of  improvident  crop- 
pin  g,  having  this  further  loss,  rapidly  failed.  Some  portion  of  the  needed 
restoring  and  fertilizing  remedies  could  have  been  found  in  the  artificial 
superphosphates  and  guanos  of  commerce,  but  these  had  become  almost 
inaccessible.  Often  badly  adulterated,  and  year  by  year  advancing  in 
price  as  the  demand  outran  the  supply  of  the  good  articles,  while  many 
of  the  planting  people  had  become  unable  to  buy  them,  except  in  very 
insufficient  quantities,  there  was  a  great  and  urgent  need  of  something 
to  replace  the  cotton  seed,  and  restore  to  the  soil  those  chief  ingredients, 
indispensable  to  the  production  of  a  good  cotton  crop — phosphoric  acid,  or 
soluble  phosphates.  In  this  emergency  came  the  discovery  of  those  natu- 
ral deposits. 

Already  too  much  space  has  been  given  to  the  effort  to  report  faith- 
fully the  condition  of  the  cotton  culture  of  the  United  States,  at  the  close 
of  the  year  1868;  especially  to  exhibit  the  wonderful  change  from  its  con- 
dition one  year  previous,  and  from  all  the  circumstances  to  draw  a  fair 
statement  of  the  promise  of  the  future  for  this  great  interest. 

OTHER  IMPROVEMENTS — SELECTION  OF  SEED,  ETC. 

It  might  be  useful,  did  space  permit,  to  notice  in  detail  other  move- 
ments in  progress  for  the  improvement  of  cotton  culture,  prominent 
among  which  would  stand  the  valuable  experiments  in  "  improvement  by 
selection  of  seed77  from  year  to  year,  always  guided  by  rules  which  define 
the  object  sought — in  cotton,  spinning  qualities,  such  as  length,  strength, 
fineness,  and  the  cohering  together  of  the  fibres;  rapid  growth  and  early 
maturity  of  the  plant,  and  a  habit  of  yielding  well.  Intelligent  men  are 
engaged  in  these  efforts  in  various  parts  of  the  south,  and  of  their  results 
attained  there  are  good  reports  from  Georgia,  Mississippi,  and  Arkansas. 
One  new  kind  of  cotton,  the  "  Peeler/'  originating  in  Mississippi,  is  already 
in  market,  and  bears  a  price  25  or  30  per  cent,  higher  than  other  green 
seed  cotton  of  the  same  grade,  because  of  its  superior  staple. 

phosphate  of  potash,  and  with  its  combined  alkali,  cannot  be  deemed  worth  less  than  10  cents 

per  pound — I  think  it  should  be  rated  higher,  but,  say $6  00 

"The  same  cake  contains  6£  per  cent,  of  nitrogen,  say  130  pounds  to  the  ton,  and 
this,  rating  it  at  what  is  paid  for  it  in  Peruvian  guano,  say  17  cents  per  pound, 
amounts  to 22  10 

"So  we  have  as  the  manurial  value  of  one  ton  of  decorticated  cotton  seed  cake,  at 
least..  2810 


"  It  is  well  to  bear  in  mind  that  the  larger  part  of  this  (when  the  cake  is  fed  to  stock) 
would  pass  away  in  the  liquid  excreta,  and  unless  the  urine  was  absorbed  or  somehow  saved, 
nothing  like  this  value  would  be  realized.  In  the  light  of  these  facts  it  is  easy  to  see  how 
wide  a  difference  may  be  occasioned  by  the  loss  of  the  seed  on  the  one  hand  and  its  use  on 
the  other." 


CHAPTER  II. 

SKETCH  OF  THE  HISTORY  OF  THE  CULTURE  OF 
COTTON  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  OTHER 
COUNTRIES. 

INTRODUCTORY — UNITED  STATES — FIRST  COTTON  PLANTING — PROMINENT  INCIDENTS 
IN  COLONIAL  TIMES — INVENTION  OF  COTTON  SPINNING  MACHINERY — FIRST  EX- 
PORTS—WHITNEY'S COTTON  GIN—  COMPARATIVE  PROGRESS  OF  COTTON  CONSUMP- 
TION— SEA  ISLAND  COTTON— STATISTICS  OF  COTTON  PRODUCTION — BRITISH  INDIA — 
EGYPT — BRAZIL — WEST  INDIES  AND  GUIANA — TURKEY — OTHER  COUNTRIES. 

Cotton,  the  great  commercial  staple  of  modern  times,  was  a  native 
plant  in  Asia  and  America,  and  probably  in  Africa. 
.  Herodotus  (450  B.  0.)  describes  the  clothing  of  the  people  of  India 
as  made  of  cotton,  "  the  frnit  of  trees  grown  like  wool  but  finer  than 
the  wool  of  sheep,"  the  earliest  mention  of  cotton  that  can  be  found 
except  perhaps  in  the  ancient  Hindoo  writings. 

Cotton  cloth,  as  worn  in  India  and  Persia,  was  mentioned  by  Strabo 
(A.  D.  45)  and  fifty  years  later.  Pliny  wrote  of  the  use  of  cotton  in 
upper  Egypt  towards  Arabia  and  near  the  Persian  gulf.1 

In  the  first  or  second  century  of  the  Christian  era  cotton  and  its 
fabrics  were  first  mentioned  as  articles  of  trade,  when  Arab  traders 
brought  India  cottons  to  the  Bed  sea. 

The  culture  and  manufacture  of  cotton  were  introduced  into  Europe 
as  early  as  the  tenth  century  through  Spain  by  the  Moors,  who  used  it 
very  extensively  and  made  fine  cloths  from  it. 

It  is  said  that  the  plant  was  brought  into  Italy  and  cultivated  in  the 
fourteenth  century  when  cotton  was  used  to  some  extent  in  the  place  of 
silk  and  flax,  and  about  the  sixteenth  century  raw  cotton  was  taken  to 
the  Low  countries,  Great  Britain  and  other  parts  of  Europe,  as  a  mate- 
rial  for  textile  manufactures. 

Its  early  use  in  Europe  was  chiefly  in  the  manufacture  of  fustians  and 
dimities  or  mixed  with  flax,  a  cotton  weft  with  a  linen  warp,  and  in  all 
forms  the  consumption  of  cotton  was  of  small  amount  until  the  eigh- 
teenth century. 

It  was  not  until  machinery  was  invented  for  the  manufacture  of  cot- 
ton that  its  fabrics  could  be  produced  possessing  goodness  of  quality 
and  cheapness  combined  sufficient  to  displace  the  fabrics  of  linen  and 
of  wool. 

Upon  the  discovery  of  America,  cotton  was  found  among  the  native 
productions  of  the  West  India  islands,  Mexico  and  Central  and  South 

1  Quoted  from  Baine's  History  of  Cotton  Manufacture. 


COTTON.  23 

America,  where  the  arts  of  spinning  and  weaving  it  were  known  to  the 
aborigines,  who  made  "  beautiful  cloths,"  some  of  which  was  dyed  with 
colors  "  extremely  fine.7'  But  in  the  territory,  afterwards  that  part  of 
our  republic  known  as  the  ll  cotton-growing  States,"  whence,  previous 
to  1861,  the  commercial  world  derived  nearly  all  of  its  grand  supply  of 
raw  cotton,  the  cotton  plant  was  unknown  until  A.  D.  1621. 

UNITED    STATES. 

FIRST  COTTON-PLANTING  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Bancroft,  writing  of  Wyatt's  administration  in  Virginia,  says:  "The 
first  culture  of  cotton  in  the  United  States  deserved  commemoration. 
This  year  (1621)  the  seeds  were  planted  as  an  experiment,  and  their 
'plentiful  coming  up7  was,  at  that  early  day,  a  subject  of  interest  in 
America  and  England." 

"A  Declaration  of  the  State  of  Virginia,"  a  tract  published  in  Lon- 
don, 1620,1  quaintly  says:  "Wee  rest  in  great  assurance  that  this 
countrey,  [Virginia,]  as  it  is  seated  neere  the  midst  of  the  world,2 
between  the  extreamities  of  heate  and  cold  ;  so  it  also  participateth  of 
the  benefits  of  bothe,  and  is  capable  (being  assisted  with  skill  and 
industry)  of  the  richest  commodities  of  most  parts  of  the  earth."  The 
same  tract  mentions  cotton  wool  and  sugar-canes  in  its  enumeration  of 
the  "  naturall  commodities  dispersed  vp  and  downe  the  diuers  parts  of 
the  world,  *  *  *  all  of  which  may  there  [in  Virginia]  also  be  had  in 
abundance  with  an  infinity  of  othermore." 

The  cotton  thus  early  introduced,  by  seed  probably  from  the  Levant 
or  the  West  Indies,  no  doubt  improved  in  the  more  favorable  climate 
and  fertile  soil  of  this  country,  as  all  varieties  of  the  annual  cotton  plant 
have  improved  upon  their  original  quality,  when  cultivated  here,  wher- 
ever may  have  been  their  origin.  Yet  its  cultivation  was  for  a  long  time 
limited  to  gardens  or  small  patches  for  domestic  use.  It  was  distributed 
northwardly,  for  we  find  traces  of  its  culture  afterwards  in  Maryland, 
Delaware,  Pennsylvania,  and  even  in  New  Jersey,  down  to  the  period 
of  the  revolutionary  war,  when  it  is  recorded,  the  home-grown  cotton 
near  Pennsylvania  was  sufficient  for  their  domestic  wants.  Then,  how- 
ever, the  people  were  clad  chiefly  with  linen  and  woollen  fabrics,  and 
very  little  cotton  was  required.  A  list  of  articles  "  growing  or  to  be 
had  in  the  [Virginia]  collouy"  in  1621  and  giving  the  valuation  of  each, 
includes  cotton  icool,  Sd.  per  pound,  and  flax  at  about  3d.  or  26  shillings 
per  cwt. 

Although  the  experiment  of  cotton-planting  in  Virginia  was  success- 
ful, it  was  not  followed  by  an  increased  culture  beyond  domestic  wants. 
Explanation  is  found  in  the  greater  profit  of  tobacco-growing  in  that 
colony  where  labor  was  scarce  and  dear,  so  that  the  cost  of  hand-clean- 

1  Force's  Collection,  vol.  3,  p.  4. 

2 Virginia  seems  to  have  a  prior  title  to  the  position  claimed  for  Boston  by  The  Autocrat. 


24  PARIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 

ing,  or  separation  of  the  seed  by  hand,  before  a  gin  had  been  invented, 
exceeded  the  commercial  value  of  the  cotton  so  cleaned. 

PROMINENT  INCIDENTS  IN   COLONIAL   TIMES. 

To  encourage  ship-building  and  textile  manufactures  at  the  same  time? 
the  general  court  of  Connecticut,  in  1640,  ordered  "  that  a  trade  in  cotton 
wooll  be  set  upon  and  attempted."  A  vessel  was  built  and  sent  upon 
her  voyage ;  and  later,  the  several  towns  were  required  to  take  each  its 
share  of  the  cotton  wool  so  imported,  the  share  of  Hartford  being  £200 
worth. 

In  1641,  the  general  court  of  Massachusetts,  in  apprehension  of  a 
scarcity  of  clothing  for  the  ensuing  winter,  offered  premiums  for  linen, 
and,  as  a  present  means  of  supply,  "till  cotton  may  bee  had,"  directed 
the  use  of  wild  hemp. 

In  170S-'15,  the  importation  of  cotton  was  continued  in  small  quanti- 
ties by  the  northern  colonies,  chiefly  from  Barbadoes,  but  some  also  from 
Smyrna  and  other  places  where  trade  extended. 

The  cultivation  of  cotton  was  early  introduced  also  into  the  Carolinas 
and  Georgia,  and  into  the  French  colony  of  Louisiana ;  yet  a  half  century 
elapsed  before  its  culture  was  so  extended  as  to  find  mention  as  an  arti- 
cle of  importance  in  the  chronicles  of  the  day,  and  then  after  many 
importations  of  seed  from  various  countries  and  renewed  attempts  to 
extend  the  cultivation. 

Cotton  seed  was  brought  into  Carolina  by  Mr.  Peter  Purry,  who  settled 
a  colony  of  Swiss  near  Purrysburg  in  1733,  and  who,  in  his  description 
of  Carolina  in  1731,  says:  "Flax  and  cotton  thrive  admirably,"  from 
which  it  is  evident  that  some  kind  of  cotton  had  preceded  his  own 
planting. 

About  the  same  date  (1734)  it  was  planted  in  Georgia  from  seed  sent 
to  the  trustees  by  Philip  Miller,  of  Chelsea,  England.  In  the  collection 
of  the  Georgia  Historical  Society  we  find  mention  of  cotton  several  times 
in  the  early  papers  concerning  that  colony.  In  "A  new  and  accurate 
account  of  the  provinces  of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia,"  a  tract  ascribed 
to  General  Oglethorpe,  London,  1733,  and  in  "A  Voyage  to  Georgia, 
began  in  the  year  1735,"  by  Francis  Moore,  London,  1744,  cotton  was 
mentioned  as  having  been  introduced ;  and  in  1741 l  a  sample  of  Georgia 
cotton  was  taken  to  England.  The  deposition  of  Samuel  Auspourguer, 
a  Swiss  who  had  been  living  in  Georgia,  was  taken  for  the  use  of  the 
trustees  of  the  Georgia  grant,  in  London,  1739,  in  the  controversy  about 
the  introduction  of  slaves,  which  had  been  disapproved  by  Oglethorpe 
and  some  others  of  the  company,  and  opposed  by  the  Highlanders  (Scotch) 
and  S&ltzburgerS)  who  had  been  settled  in  Georgia.  This  deponent 
said,2  "that  the  climate  of  Georgia  is  very  healthy  j  *  *  *  that  the 
climate  and  soil  is  very  fit  for  raising  silk,  wine  and  cotton;  *  *  and 

1  Collection  of  Georgia  Historical  Society,  I,  164. 

2  Collection  of  Georgia  Historical  Society,  T,  191. 


COTTON.  25 

that  the  cotton,  by  this  deponent's  own  experience,  who  has  planted 
the  same  there,  grows  very  well  in  Georgia.  A  specimen  of  this  cotton 
this  deponent  brought  over  with  him  and  produced  before  the  trustees. 
All  which  produces,  this  deponent  saith,  can  be  raised  by  white  persons 
without  the  use  of  negroes." 

In  Louisiana,  in  the  year  1742,  M.  Dubreuil,  a  French  planter  of  skill 
and  enterprise,  invented  a  machine  for  separating  the  seed  from  the  fibre. 
It  is  to  be  inferred  that  the  culture  of  this  plant  had  become  somewhat 
extensive  to  call  thus  early  for  such  a  machine.  It  greatly  stimulated 
the  cotton  culture  in  that  colony,  imperfect  as  it  was ;  probably  only  an 
adjustment  of  rollers,  like  another  contrivance  by  Crebs,  of  Florida,  in 
1772,  which  was  the  best  machine  for  cleaning  cotton  until  the  invention 
of  the  saw-gin  by  Whitney. 

Previous  to  these  primitive  instruments  cotton  fibre  was  detached  from 
the  seed  by  the  tedious  process  of  picking  with  the  fingers,  the  evening 
task  of  many  members  of  the  household  in  the  early  days  of  cotton  grow- 
ing. The  bow-string,  in  its  use,  intermediate  between  the  fingers  and 
the  primitive  gins,  and  used  for  beating  up  as  well  as  cleaning  the  cot- 
ton, was  borrowed  from  India,  where  it  was  used  in  ancient  times ;  and 
having  been  first  introduced  into  Georgia,  gave  occasion  for  the  term 
u  bowed  Georgia,7'  as  still  applied  to  cotton  in  Liverpool,  with  British 
persistency,  although  not  a  pound  of  bowed  Georgia  cotton  has  been  in 
that  market  for  fifty  years. 

The  practiced  skill  of  the  people  of  India  had  wrought  works  of  mar- 
vellous fineness  and  delicacy  for  many  ages,  spinning  their  Banga  cot- 
ton more  finely  by  hand  than  any  machinery  has  ever  equalled,  until 
very  recently,  and  then  from  the  finest  Sea  Island  fibre.  But  the  use  of 
cotton  in  Europe  and  America  was  recent,  it  had  increased  but  slowly, 
and  the  product  was  neither  fine  nor  cheap  enough  to  compete  with  linen 
and  woollen  goods  for  common  wear. 

The  annual  value  of  the  cotton  manufactures  of  Great  Britain,  in  1767, 
was  estimated  at  £600,000,1  and  then  the  goods  were  a  compound  of  linen 
warp  and  cotton  weft. 

INVENTION  OF  COTTON  SPINNING  MACHINERY. 

In  1767  Hargreaves  invented  his  "  spinning  jenny."  In  1769  Arkwright 
obtained  his  first  patent  for  a  "  spinning  frame,"  though  his  second  patent 
for  the  complete  machine  was  not  taken  out  until  1775.  About  1770 
James  Watt  obtained  his  patent  for  the  steam-engine,  which  was  applied 
to  machinery  in  cotton  mills  in  1785.  Thereafter  the  cotton  manufac- 
tures of  Great  Britain  went  forward  with  rapid  increase  and  general 
prosperity.  Just  when  these  discoveries  in  Great  Britain  called  for 
larger  supplies  of  raw  cotton,  the  inventive  genius  of  Whitney  gave  to 
the  cotton  culture  in  America  the  saw-gin,  which  was  to  be  a  benefit  and 

1  Baine's  History  of  Manufactures,  p.  216.     Other  authority  had  stated  the  amount  at 
£200,000  only. 
3  C 


26  PARIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 

source  of  power  corresponding  here  to  the  great  discoveries  in  mechan- 
ism which  had  just  preceded  it  in  England.  Cheap  cotton  and  cheap 
cloth  were  thenceforward  to  be  supplied  to  all  the  world. 

THE  FIRST  EXPORTS  OF  COTTON  GROWN  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

There  are  some  interesting  points  in  the  history  of  American  cotton  cul- 
ture in  the  latter  half  of  the  eighteenth  century  worth  noting  here,  if 
only  as  a  chronological  statement  of  them,  down  to  the  time  Avhen  the 
magnitude  of  the  cotton  production  and  trade  secured  for  them  regular 
annual  statistics. 

During  the  year  1747,  several  bags  of  cotton,  valued  at  £3  11s.  5d.  per 
bag,  were  exported  from  Charleston.  Some  American  writers  have 
expressed  a  doubt  if  this  cotton  was  of  American  growth,  but  English 
writers1  mention  it  as  an  import  of  Carolina  cotton. 

"Some  cotton"  is  mentioned  among  the  exports  of  Carolina  in  1753, 
and  of  Charleston  in  1757 ;  and  a  London  publication  in  1762  says,  "  What 
cotton  and  silk  both  the  Carolinas  send  us  is  excellent,  and  calls  aloud 
for  the  encouragement  of  its  cultivation  in  a  place  well  adapted  to  raise 
both."2 

In  1753  a  liberal  citizen  of  Delaware  offered  premiums  for  the  promo- 
tion of  industry,  among  them  one  of  "£4  for  the  most  and  best  cotton  off 
an  acre." 

In  1770  there  were  shipped  to  Liverpool  three  bales  from  £Tew  York 
four  from  Virginia  and  Maryland,  and  three  barrels  full  from  North 
Carolina. 

The  assembly  of  the  province  of  Virginia,  on  the  27th  March,  1775,  in 
view  of  the  changing  relations  with  Great  Britain,  adopted  a  plan  for 
the  encouragement  of  arts  and  manufactures,  including  resolutions  of 
non-importation 5  and  "that  all  persons  having  proper  land  ought  to  cul- 
tivate and  raise  a  quantity  of  hemp,  flax,  and  cotton,  not  only  for  the  use 
of  his  own  family,  but  to  spare  to  others  on  moderate  terms."  The 
planting  of  cotton  had  been  recommended  in  the  previous  January  by 
the  first  provisional  Congress  held  in  South  Carolina. 

In  1784,  about  14  bales  of  American  cotton  were  shipped  to  England^ 
of  which  eight  bales  were  seized  in  Liverpool  as  improperly  entered,  on 
the  ground  that  so  much  cotton  could  not  have  been  produced  in  the 
United  States ;  and  this  was  more  than  150  years  after  the  first  importa- 
tion to  England  of  cotton  grown  in  the  same  country.  Thus  slow  was 
the  progress  of  this  culture.  Just  at  the  close  of  the  eighteenth  century 
was  the  beginning  of  the  export  trade  which  in  the  next  60  years  was  to 
grow  to  proportions  so  large  in  quantity  and  value,  and  so  important  in 
the  trade  of  the  world,  as  to  involve  the  welfare  of  nations  in  its  fate. 

In  1785  five  bags  of  cotton  arrived  at  Liverpool  from  America. 


1  Cotton  ;  an  account  of  its  culture  in  the  Bombay  Presidency,  by  W.  R.  Cassels,  London, 
p.  5,  and  others. 

2  Quoted  in  Bishop's  History  of  American  Manufactures,  in  which  work  many  references 
and  citations  were  found  which  have  been  useful  in  the  preparation  of  this  chapter. 


COTTON. 


27 


During  the  next  five  years  the  imports  there  of  American  cotton  were, 
in  1786,  900  pounds;  1787,  16,350  pounds;  1788,  58,500  pounds;  1789, 
127,500  pounds;  and  1790,  14,000  pounds. 

Upland  cotton  in  1788  was  worth  2s.  2d.  per  pound,  and  only  Wd.  in 
1790.  This  may  account  for  the  small  shipments  of  American  cotton  in 
the  latter  year.  It  was  probably  of  poorer  staple  than  the  upland  of  the 
present  day. 

EFFECT  OF  WHITNEY'S  INVENTION  OF  THE  SAW-GIN. 

In  1794,  the  year  after  the  completion  of  Whitney's  saw-gin,  the 
exports  of  the  United  States  rose  to  1,600,000  pounds,  and  to  5,250,000 
pounds  the  next  year.  In  1805,  ten  years  later,  the  exports  had  increased 
to  40,383,000  pounds. 

COMPARATIVE  PROGRESS  OF  BRITISH  COTTON  CONSUMPTION  AND 
AMERICAN  COTTON  PRODUCTION. 

The  following  table  from  Baine's  History  exhibits  the  quantities  of 
cotton  of  all  growths  imported,  exported,  and  retained  for  home  con- 
sumption in  Great  Britain  for  each  of  seven  years  near  the  middle  of 
the  last  century : 

Imports  and  exports  of  cotton  in  Great  Britain  from  1743  to  1749. 


Years. 

Imported. 

Exported. 

Retained  for  home 

consumption. 

1743                                                                                

Pounds. 
1,  132  288 

Pounds. 

40,870 

Pounds. 
1,091,418 

1744                                

1,  882,  873 

182,765 

1,  700,  108 

1745 

1  469  523 

73  172 

1  369  351 

1746                                                                                    

2  264  808 

73,279 

2,  191,  529 

'  1747 

2  224  869 

29  438 

2  195  431 

1748 

4  852  966 

291,717 

4,  561,  249 

1749                                                                   

1,  658,  365 

330,998 

1,327,367 

From  this  table  it  appears  that  the  average  annual  consumption  of 
cotton  in  Great  Britain  for  the  seven  years,  1743  to  1749,  was  2,062,350 
pounds ;  for  the  seven  years  1794  to  1800,  it  was  32,543,000  pounds ;  and 
for  the  seven  years  1844  to  1850, 555,000,000  pounds ;  an  increase  of  six- 
teen fold  in  each  fifty  years. 

The  average  annual  production  of  cotton  in  the  United  States  for  the 
same  period  was,  for  the  seven  years  1743  to  1749,  not  enough  for  the 
home  consumption  of  the  colonies;  as  contributing  to  foreign  com- 
merce it  was  nothing;  for  the  seven  years  1794  to  1800  it  was,  as  esti- 
mated, 30,000,000  pounds ;  and  for  the  seven  years  1844  to  1850  it  was, 
981,500,000  pounds;  a  thirty-two  fold  increase  in  each  50  years. 

SEA  ISLAND  COTTON. 

About  the  year  1786  the  sea  island  or  black  seed  cotton  was  intro- 
duced, it  is  said,  from  the  Bahamas.  During  the  revolutionary  war,  or 


28  PARIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 

soon  after,  Kinsey  Borden,  of  South  Carolina,  invented,  or  applied 
another's  invention  of  a  roller-gin,  "  composed  of  pieces  of  gun-barrels 
fixed  in  wooden  rollers,  turned  by  cranks,77  requiring  two  persons  to  use 
the  machine,  one  to  turn  it  and  the  other  to  feed  in  the  seed  cotton. 
His  wife  was  said  to  have  made  the  first  attempt  to  grow  the  Sea  Island 
cotton.  But  Mr.  Seabrook  says1  that  W.  Elliott,  on  Hilton  Head,  was 
the  first  to  grow  a  successful  crop  from  five  and  a  half  bushels  of  seed 
purchased  in  Charleston,  at  14  shillings  per  bushel.  The  price  of  Sea 
Island  cotton  was  then  lOd.  to  2s.  or  36-.  per  pound,  according  to  quality. 
It  was  much  improved  afterwards  by  selection  of  seed  and  good  culture, 
and  its  later  value  was  90  cents  to  $1  25  per  pound. 

COTTON   CROPS   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES  FOM  1791   TO   1867. 

In  1791  the  cotton  crop  in  the  United  States  was  2,000,000  pounds,  of 
which  three-fourths  was  grown  in  South  Carolina  and  one-fourth  in 
Georgia.  Exports,  189,500  pounds,  worth  26  cents,  average. 

In  1795  Frederick  Almy  wrote  to  his  partner,  Samuel  Slater,  the  leader 
of  cotton  manufacturers  in  America,  that  Georgia  cotton  of  good  quality 
was  offered  him  in  New  York  at  one  shilling  sixpence  per  pound.  Cot- 
ton was  then  still  imported.  The  import  for  the  year  was  4,107,000 
pounds,  and  the  export  was  6,276,000  pounds. 

In  1801  the  cotton  crop  of  the  United  States  was  48,000,000  pounds, 
of  which  were  contributed  by  South  Carolina,  20,000,000  ;  Georgia, 
10,000,000^  Virginia,  5,000,000;  North  Carolina,  4,000,000  ;  Tennessee, 
1,000,000  pounds.  Export2  20,000,000  pounds. 

1  Bishop's  History  of  American  Manufactures. 

2  Prior  to  1802  the  tables  of  exports  of  cotton  at  the  custom-house  did  not  distinguish 
home-grown  from  foreign  cotton.     There  were  no  full  and  reliable  statistics,  either  com- 
mercial or  official,  of  the  cotton  production  and  trade  down  to  about  1825.     "  Woodbury's 
Tables  and  Notes  on  the  Cultivation,  Manufacture,  and  Trade  in  Cotton,"  being  a  report  of  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  March  4,  1836,  (House  Doc.  J46,  24th  Congress,  first  session,) 
purports  to  array  together  all  statistics  then  obtainable  in  regard  to  cotton.     That  report  con- 
tains a  great  deal  that  is  valuable,  but  some  parts  are  inaccurate  and  adopted  without  due 
consideration. 

For  instance,  Woodbury's  tables  thus  state  the  facts  for  the  year  1801.     Table  A  sets  down 

.the  production  of  the  world  in  pounds  : 

Pounds. 

In  the  United  States  ....................................................  48,000,000 

In  Brazil  ..................................................  ...........  36,000,000 

In  the  West  Indies  ....................................................  10,000,000 

In  the  rest  of  Africa,  (excluding  Egypt)  ..................................  45,  000,000 

In  India  ..............................................................  160,000,000 

In  the  rest  of  Asia  .....................................................  160,000,000 

In  Mexico  and  South  America,  (excluding  Brazil)  .........................  56,  000,  000 

Elsewhere  ............................................................  15,000,000 


These  items  make  a  total  of  .......................................     530,000,000 

He  calls  it  520,000,000  pounds,  of  which  Great  Britain  that  year  imported  only  56,000,000 
pounds.     Table  C  (Woodbury)  says  the  price  of  American  cotton  in  1801  averaged  44  cents 


COTTON.  29 

1805.  Export,  38,400,000. 

1806.  Mexican  cotton  seeds  introduced  to  Mississippi  by  Walter  Bur- 
ling, of  Xatchez,  and  supposed  to  have  improved  the  character  of  cotton 
there  grown. 

1813.  During  the  war,  export,  19,400,000  pounds;  price  at  home,  12 
cents;  in  England,  16$.  to  26<7.  Of  the  cotton  exported  during  the  war, 
a  considerable  portion  went  in  neutral  vessels  to  Bremen  and  other 
neutral  ports,  whence  doubtless  it  found  its  way  to  England. 

1821.  Crop,  180,000,000  pounds;  exports,  124,000,000 pounds,  price  16 
cents  here,  in  Liverpool  9 $d. 

1822.  Crop,  210,000,000  pounds.    Exports,  144,700,000  pounds ;  price, 
16J  cents  here;  in  Liverpool,  8Jd.  to  Wd.    First  cotton  from  Egypt 
received  in  Liverpool  this  year.     Cotton  culture  began  in  Texas. 

1825.  Crop,  255,000,000  pounds.  Exports,  176,500,000  pounds.  The 
prospects  of  the  crop  were  very  unfavorable,  following  a  deficient  crop 
in  1824.  The  price  advanced  from  15  cents  here  and  8d.  in  Liverpool,  at 
close  of  last  season  to  25  cents  here  and  lljtf.  in  Liverpool.  Consump- 
tion was  reduced.  There  was  no  killing  frost  in  the  cotton  States  that 
winter,  and  some  cotton  plants  "  rattooned77  (sprouted  from  old  roots) 
the  next  spring.  The  late  bolls  were  opening  and  picking  continued  all 
winter.  The  reduction  of  use  and  the  unexpected  increase  of  supply 
reversed  the  position,  prices  fell  fast  and  far,  involving  many  merchants 
in  ruin.  Cotton  costing  25  cents  in  Charleston  was  sold  in  Liverpool 
after  a  long  holding,  so  as  to  return  to  Charleston  only  six  cents  per 
pound.  The  price  of  "  fair  upland77  remained  below  Id.  in  Liverpool  for 
the  next  seven  years. 

The  number  of  cotton  spindles  in  the  United  States  this  year  was  said 
to  be  800,000,  using  100,000  bales  cotton  per  annum. 

The  following  table  gives  complete  statistics  of  the  production  and 
disposition  of  the  cotton  crops  of  the  United  States  from  1826-727,  down 
to  the  present  time. 

per  pound  ;  and  that  the  whole  United  States  crop  was  worth  $8,000,000.  It  will  be  observed 
that  48,000,000  pounds  at  44  cents  would  amount  to  over  $21,000,000.  Table  B  (Woodbury) 
distinguishes  the  growth  of  the  several  States  in  1801,  as  quoted  in  the  text,  the  total  being 
only  40,000,000  pounds,  leaving  8,000,000  not  located. 

The  work  referred  to  is  often  quoted  for  statistical  purposes,  and  even  the  errors  above 
indicated  have  been  cited  without  notice  of  their  inconsistencies.  Too  large  a  portion  of  our 
cotton  statistics,  down  to  a  recent  period,  have  been  taken  by  estimation.  It  is  much  to  be 
desired  that  the  Statistical  Bureau  established  at  Washington  shall  prepare  and  publish, 
periodically,  full  and  reliable  statistics  concerning  all  the  important  branches  of  business  in 
this  country,  similar  to  those  issued  by  the  British  Board  of  Trade ;  and  it  is  equally  to  be 
desired  for  the  credit  and  business  interests  of  the  country  that  the  Agricultural  Bureau  shall 
issue  accurate  statistics  in  place  of  its  estimates  of  the  cotton  crop,  which,  from  their  sup- 
posed official  character,  have  obtained  credence,  while  erroneous  beyond  excuse,  to  the  extent 
of  about  300,000  bales  inthe  statement  of  production  of  each  of  the  last  three  crops. 


30 


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Taken  for  home  use  no 
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Stock  in  the  ports.  Auo 

36  PARIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 


DEFECTIVE   STATISTICS. 

The  annual  statements  of  the  cotton  crops  of  the  United  States,  pre- 
pared and  published  by  the  New  York  Shipping  List,  have  for  many 
years  been  recognized  as  supplying  the  standard  statistics  of  cotton  in 
this  country,  by  the  trade  at  home  and  abroad.  So  long  as  the  entire 
crop  (with  immaterial  exception,  after  supplying  southern  consumption) 
was  shipped  from  ports  in  the  cotton-producing  States  by  sea,  either 
coastwise  or  foreign,  the  method  followed  by  the  Shipping  List  was  right 
and  attained  to  very  nearly  accurate  results. 

Before  the  war,  some  lines  of  railway  had  been  completed  connecting 
the  cotton  States  with  the  north,  and  the  western  States  with  the  east, 
upon  which  low  rates  of  freight  invited  the  transportation  of  cotton 
northward  and  eastward,  especially  for  the  cotton  mills  of  New  York  and 
New  England,  This  was  interrupted  by  the  war,  but  in  1SG4-'G5  it  was 
resumed,  and  the  inland  transportation  of  cotton  will  this  year  probably 
exceed  600,000  bales.  The  old  method  of  making  up  the  annual  state- 
ment^ is  therefore  liable  to  serious  errors,  and  a  change  has  become 
necessary.  The  preceding  table  follows  very  nearly  the  figures  of  the 
Shipping  List  in  the  amount  of  the  annual  crops  and  their  distribution, 
to  avoid  conflict  and  preserve  conformity  with  data  hitherto  recognized 
as  correct,  (and  properly  so  down  to  the  year  1865-'66.) 

It  should  be  noted  that  there  was  no  separate  account  of  the  cotton 
used  in  the  south  ("  south  of  the  Potomac  and  west  of  Virginia,"  as 
phrased  in  the  Shipping  List)  until  the  season  of  1S47-'4S.  In  the  crop 
statements,  annual  quantities  as  large  as  185,000  and  193,000  bales  had 
been  allotted  for  use  in  the  south  out  of  the  cotton  crop  supposed  to  be 
baled  and  prepared  for  market.  The  entire  spinning  capacity  of  the 
machinery  in  the  south  before  the  war  was  never  equal  to  the  consump- 
tion of  90,000  bales.  Yet  the  statement  may  have  been  nearly  correct. 
There  was  a  large  use  of  cotton,  both  north  and  south,  for  other  pur- 
poses than  spinning;  as  for  mattresses,  and  various  kinds  of  upholstery. 
Many  thousand  cotton  mattresses  for  beds  were  annually  made  in  the 
south,  for  use  there,  and  for  shipment  north.  Indeed,  during  the  war, 
when  the  scarcity  of  cotton  became  serious  and  its  price  advanced  to 
$1  50  or  more  per  pound,  the  contents  of  mattresses  broken  up  in  the 
northern  States  added  materially  to  the  supply  of  cotton  for  spinning. 
But  since  the  war,  the  value  of  cotton  has  been  too  high  to  permit  its 
use  for  such  purposes ;  hence  the  error  of  assigning  to  the  south,  as  con- 
sumed there,  twice  as  much  cotton  as  all  her  spinning  power  can  use. 

The  weights  per  bale  given  in  the  table  are  net  weights,  to  correspond 
with  the  British  and  other  foreign  statistics,  where  the  weight  is  given 
less  the  tare.  The  cotton  year  in  the  United  States  ends  September  30. 


COTTON. 


37 


BEITISH  LNTDIA. 

CULTURE  Am>  IMPORTS  OF  COTTON. 

India  contributes  a  supply  of  cotton  next  in  importance  to  that  from 
the  United  States.  The  earliest  recorded  importation  of  raw  cotton  from 
India  to  England  (if  not  to  Europe)  was  in  1783,  when  the  quantity  from 
India  was  only  114,133  pounds,  in  a  total  import  from  all  countries  of 
9,735,663  pounds.  India  had  supplied  Great  Britain  with  cotton  yarn 
and  cloth  long  before  she  furnished  a  pound  of  the  raw  material.1 

Such  was  the  devotion  to  and  care  of  the  woollen  manufacture  in  Great 
Britain,  that  great  efforts  were  made,  and  with  much  success  for  a  long 
time,  to  prevent  or  restrain  the  importation  of  calicoes  and  other  Indian 
cotton  goods,  by  excessive  duties  and  vexatious  restrictions;  and  this 
opposition  to  the  trade  from  India  continued  for  more  than  a  century 
after  the  organization  of  the  British  East  India  Company.  As  late  as 
the  year  1700  an  act  of  Parliament  was  passed  interdicting  the  further 
importation  of  Indian  goods,  and  in  1721,  because  of  their  continued  intro- 
duction by  smugglers,  another  act  was  passed  imposing  a  penalty  of  £5 
upon  any  person  wearing  such  goods.1 

For  many  years  the  import  of  cotton  from  India  to  Great  Britain  was 
very  small,  as  will  appear  by  the  following  table : 

Imports  of  cotton  from  India  to  Great  Britain. 


Years. 

Import  of  all 
growths. 

Import  from 
India. 

Years. 

Import  of  all 
growths. 

Import  from 
India. 

1783 

Pounds. 
9  735  663 

Pounds. 
114,  133 

1789  

Pounds. 
32,  576,  023 

Pounds. 
4,973 

1784       

11,  482,  083 

11,  440 

1790  

31,447,605 

422,207 

1785* 

18  400  384 

99  455 

1791 

28  706  675 

3  351 

1786 

19  475  020 

1800 

56  010  732 

6  629  822 

1787 

23  250  268 

1801  

56,  004,  305 

4,098,256 

1783 

20  467  436 

*  Arkwrighfs  patent  expired  and  Watt's  steam-engine  was  applied  in  I?  85. 

The  following  table  shows  the  comparative  imports  of  American  and 
Indian  cottons,  and  the  relative  prices  of  Upland  and  Surats  for  the  five 
years  1812  to  1816,  (quoted  from  Cassell:) 

Imports  of  American  and  Indian  cottons. 


Total  imports 

Imports  from 

Imports  from 

Exports  of  all 

Pri< 

;es. 

Years. 

into   Great 
Britain. 

the  United 
States. 

the  East  In- 
dies. 

growths. 

Upland. 

Surats. 

1812 

63  025  936 

26,000,000 

915,  950 

1,  740,  912 

13d.  to  23Jd. 

I2d.  to  nid. 

1813  

50  966  000 

(*) 

497,  350 

No  record. 

2l<2.  toSOd. 

15id.  to  20d. 

1814 

60  060  239 

(*) 

4,  725,  000 

6,  282,  437 

23d.  to  37d. 

18d.   to25d. 

1815 

99  306  343 

45  666  000 

8,  505,  000 

6,  780,  392 

I8d.  to  25*d. 

14id.to21d. 

1816      

93  920  055 

57,  750,  000 

10,  850,  000 

7,  105,  034 

I5d.  to  21d. 

14d.    tolSW. 

*  War  between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain. 


'Cassell's  Cotton  Culture  in  the  Bombay  Presidency,  p.  2. 


38 


PARIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 


In  another  place1  will  be  found  a  full  and  comprehensive  table  of  the 
statistics  of  British  cotton  trade  and  manufacture  from  1816  to  1868, 
inclusive. 

EXPORTS  AND  CONSUMPTION. 

The  exports  of  cotton  from  India  to  Europe  must  not  be  taken  as  the 
measure  of  the  production  there,  in  any  degree  corresponding  to  the  pro- 
portion which  our  exports  to  Europe  bear  to  our  production.  The  extent 
of  the  entire  production  of  India  has  been  much  discussed  by  officials, 
economists,  and  others,  who  differ  more  or  less  widely  in  their  conclu- 
sions. The  usual  bases  of  calculation  have  been  the  assumed  area  of 
land  cultivated  for  cotton;  and  the  population  (180,000,000)  requiring  to 
be  clothed  almost  entirely  with  cotton,  at  so  many  pounds  of  cotton  per 
capita  in  addition  to  the  known  exports. 

The  consumption  of  cotton  in  India  for  clothing  and  other  domestic 
uses  was  estimated  by  Major  General  Briggs  at  750,000,000  pounds,  equal 
to  2,000,000  bales,  (of  375  pounds  each,)  and  by  Dr.  Wight  at  3,000,000,000 
pounds,  equal  to  8,000,000  bales.  These  may  be  regarded  as  the  extremes, 
while  Dr.  Forbes  Watson  estimated  the  whole  production  at  2,432,395,875 
pounds,  equal  to  6,500,000  bales  of  375  pounds  each,  which  he  divided 
thus: 

For  home  consumption  in  India . .     2,160,000,000  pounds,  5,760,000  bales. 
For  exportation 272,395,875  pounds,     740,000  bales. 

After  much  discussion  Dr.  Watson's  estimate  has  been  accepted  with 
general  favor,  although  Mann,  the  very  careful  writer  upon  cotton  sta- 
tistics, says:  "I  am  disposed  to  think,  however,  that  Dr.  Watson's  esti- 
mate is  rather  over  than  under  the  mark." 2 

Assuming  that  Dr.  Watson's  estimate  of  the  cotton  production  of  India 
in  1858  was  correct,  when  stating  it  at  2,432,395,875  pounds,  and  com- 
paring it  with  the  total  production  of  the  United  States  in  the  same  year, 
1,796,454,558  pounds,  it  appears  that  India  produced  (in  pounds)  35  per 
cent,  more  cotton  than  the  United  States. 

The  exports  of  cotton  from  all  India  and  from  each  presidency,  in 
annual  averages  of  quinquennial  periods  for  24  years  down  to  1858,  are 
stated  in  the  following  table,  taken  from  Mann's  statistics : 

Exports  of  cotton  from  all  India. 


Years. 

Bombay. 

Madras. 

Bengal. 

Total,  all  India. 

1835-'39  . 

Pounds. 
91,309  665 

Pounds. 
13,  576,  300 

Pounds. 
31,380  575 

Pounds. 
136  266  540 

1840-'44 

141  802  690 

18  992  400 

13  976  820 

174  771  910 

1845-'49      .  .. 

133  886  826 

13  969  569 

9  900  497 

157  756  892 

1850-'54  

179,  838,  889 

18,  770,  256 

22  663  188 

221  272  333 

1855-'58 

222  076  713 

15  962  242 

9  702  974 

247  741  929 

'See  Appendix  D. 

3The  Cotton  Trade  of  Great  Britain,  by  James  A.  Mann,  F.  S.  S.,  &c.,  1860,  p.  65. 


COTTON. 
The  distribution  of  these  exports  was  as  follows : 


39 


Years. 

Great  Britain. 

China  and 
other  parts. 

Total. 

1835-'39  

Pounds. 
51  161  059 

Pounds. 
85  105  481 

Pounds. 
136  266  540 

1840-'44  

88  868  685 

85  903  225 

174  771  910 

1845-'49  

70  757  425 

86  999  467 

157  756  892 

1850-'54  

130  557  160 

90  715  173 

221  272  333 

1855-'58  

185  229  082 

62  512  847 

247  741  929 

Bombay  supplies  a  large  portion  of  the  exports  of  cotton  from  all 
British  India,  and  fortunately  the  statistical  information  from  that  presi- 
dency is  quite  full.  From  Bengal  and  Madras  only  partial  returns  have 
been  accessible. 

Table  of  exports  of  cotton  from  Bombay,  showing  their  distribution,  for  the 
eleven  years  1858  to  1868,  inclusive. 


Years. 

Great  Britain. 

Cowes,  &c.,  for 
orders. 

-3 

If 

j§  W 
0 

United  States. 

« 

a 
1 

Total  bales. 

Total  pounds. 

1858  

Bales. 
324  675 

Bales. 
13  993 

Bales. 
19  542 

Bales. 

Bales. 
103  731 

461,  941 

177  847  285 

1859 

554  ggs 

25  314 

27  634 

151  847 

769  681 

297  866  547 

1860 

469  611 

5  525 

17  257i 

202  179 

694  572i 

270  883  275 

1861 

931  077 

18  560£ 

8  426£ 

60  511 

1,  018,  575 

397  244  250 

1862  ,  

923  140 

3,757£ 

20,833 

7,  934£ 

955,665 

372,  709,  350 

1863 

945  454£ 

2  867 

48  788 

3  394 

1  000  503i 

390  196  365 

1864 

873  627 

54,  02H 

706 

928,354i 

362,058  255 

1865 

1  074  158 

36  362 

800 

13  40H 

1  124  721£ 

438  641  385 

1866 

922  330 

33  205* 

4  619i 

960  155 

367  739  365 

1867            

1  056  357 

71,  374 

48,236 

1,  175,  967 

449,219  394 

1868 

1  034  383 

4  216 

145  736 

55  449 

1  239  784 

477  597  488 

The  foregoing  table,  compiled  from  accurate  commercial  sources,  is 
entirely  correct,  except  possibly  a  small  error  in  the  exports  of  the  last 
sixteen  days  of  1868,  which  have  been  taken  from  telegraphic  advices. 
The  aggregates  are  substantially  right ;  the  weights  calculated  from  the 
average  net  weight  of  the  Bombay  cotton  in  England  each  year. 

The  eleven  years  embraced  in  the  table  include  three  quite  distinct 
periods :  The  three  years  (1858-'60)  before  the  secession  war  had  begun 
to  influence  the  cotton  trade  of  the  world ;  the  four  years  of  the  war, 
1861-'64,  in  two  of  which  the  export  of  cotton  to  China  ceased,  all  of  the 
exportable  cotton  of  India  being  required  for  the  western  nations ;  and 
China,  for  many  hundred  years  an  importing  country,  not  only  stopping 
its  importation  for  the  time,  but  contributing  from  its  own  deficient 
product  a  portion  towards  making  good  the  greater  deficiency  in  Europe ; 


40  PARIS    UNIVERSAL   EXPOSITION. 

and  four  years,  1865-'68,  since  the  close  of  the  war,  a  period  marked  by 
extraordinary  fluctuations,  the  price  for  fair  Surats  at  Liverpool  falling 
from  2ld.j  the  average  of  1864,  to  8Jd.,  the  average  of  1867,  which  also 
was  the  average  of  the  year  1868,  and  the  price  at  its  close.  It  will  be 
observed  that  the  exports  from  Bombay  have  not  fallen  off,  but  have 
rather  increased,  notwithstanding  the  comparatively  low  range  of  price 
in  the  average  of  the  last  two  years. 

The  value  of  cotton  exported  from  Bombay  during  the  two  years  1858 
and  1859  was  declared  below  £8,000,000  (eight  millions  pounds  sterling) 
for  both  years.  The  value  for  the  two  years  1863  and  1864  was  more 
than  £55,000,000,  (fifty-five  millions  sterling,)  and  at  the  selling  value 
of  the  portion  which  reached  Liverpool  it  was  nearly  £60,000,000,  equal 
to  $300,000,000  gold. 

The  scarcity  of  cotton  caused  by  the  war  compelled  the  consumption 
of  all  surplus  reserves  before  the  power  of  high  prices  and  the  strenuous 
efforts  of  governments,  companies,  and  individuals  everywhere  interested 
had  extended  the  production  in  other  countries  to  a  supply  adequate 
even  to  the  greatly  reduced  consumption.  The  renewal  of  production 
in  the  United  States  aiding  the  continued  production  of  other  countries 
has  relieved  the  scarcity,  but  has  not  yet  sufficed  to  replace  the  requisite 
reserves ;  nor  could  it  supply  such  an  increased  consumption  as  would 
ensue  upon  a  return  to  former  low  prices,  and  is  demanded  by  the 
increase  of  population  and  the  wants  of  trade. 

The  usual  export  of  cotton  from  Bombay  before  the  Avar  was  less  than 
700,000  bales  per  annum.  This  was  not  more  than  12  per  cent,  of  the 
total  production,  as  the  estimates  of  the  latter  were  stated  on  a  previous 
page.  Under  the  influence  of  war  prices  the  export  has  increased  50  to 
60  per  cent.  At  first,  in  1861  and  1862,  that  increase  was  drawn  from 
the  existing  reserves  by  stinting  the  home  consumption.  But  it  is 
reasonable  to  suppose  that  in  later  years  the  excess  of  former  exports 
is  the  result  of  increased  production  stimulated  by  price  and  demand, 
facilitated  by  great  extension  of  railways,  and  promoted  by  the  inflow 
of  an  immense  amount  of  money.  The  increase  has  probably  reached 
its  maximum,  except  as  some  peculiarly  favorable  season  may  enlarge 
the  product  of  a  year.  The  cost  of  production  has  been  enhanced,  and 
notwithstanding  the  advantages  of  railway  transportation,  it  is  not  to 
be  expected  that  India  cotton  will  continue  to  be  exported  to  Europe 
after  its  price  shall  have  fallen  to  4Jd.  per  pound  for  fair  Dhollera,  as  in 
former  times,  if  excess  of  supply  shall  bring  that  about. 

One  large  crop  in  the  United  States,  in  India,  and  other  countries, 
simultaneously,  would  present  a  supply  exceeding  the  present  consump- 
tion of  the  world  by  more  than  1,000,000  bales.  Whenever  this  shall 
occur,  and  it  may  soon,  the  ability  of  each  country  to  continue  the  con- 
tribution of  its  quota  of  cheap  cotton  will  be  tested. 

Much  space  has  been  given  to  the  cotton  statistics  of  the  Bombay 
presidency,  because  its  cotton  constitutes  about  two-thirds  of  the  whole 


COTTON. 


41 


East  Indian  supply.    The  exports  from  Calcutta  (the  Bengal  cotton) 
were  distributed  as  follows  for  three  years  :l 


Years. 

> 
Great  Britain. 

France. 

China. 

Total  bales. 

Total  pounds. 

Ig65                                             

Bales. 
159  487 

Bales. 
3  216 

Bales. 
87  568 

250  271 

75  081  300 

1866                             

337,030 

4  698 

69  702 

411,430  ^ 

122,  606  140 

1867            

235,510 

6  314 

191,041 

432,  860 

128,  128,  040 

Without  complete  and  reliable  statistics  from  Madras  for  recent 
years,  an  approximation  to  the  exports  from  that  presidency  for 
the  three  years  1865-767  is  attained  by  taking  the  import  of  Madras 
cotton  to  Great  Britain  and  assigning  to  that  a  proportion  of  the 
whole  export  similar  to  that  from  Bengal.  (The  export  from  Madras 
for  one  year  corresponds  very  nearly  with  the  imports  into  Great  Britain 
during  the  last  seven  months  of  that  year  and  five  months  of  the  next 
year.)  Thus  ascertained,  the  export  from  Madras  to  Great  Britain 
stands : 

For  1865 175, 000  bales,  weighing  52, 500, 000  pounds. 

For  1866 275, 000  bales,  weighing  82, 500, 000  pounds. 

For  1867 276, 000  bales,  weighing  82, 800, 000  pounds. 

Assuming  that  the  Madras  export,  other  than  to  Great  Britain,  (to 
China,  &c.,)  bears  a  proportion  much  less  than  that  from  Calcutta  and 
Bombay,  the  total  export  from  the  Madras  presidency,  for  1867,  was 
approximately  300,000  bales,  equal  to  90,000,000  pounds. 

The  total  export  of  cotton  in  the  year  1867  from  the  three  presiden- 
cies, besides  clothing  their  180,000,000  of  people,  was  thus: 


Bales. 

Pounds. 

1,  175,  967 

449,  219,  394 

y 

432,  865 

128,  128,  040 

From  Madras,  estimated  

300,000 

90,  000,  000 

1,  908,  832 

667,  347,  4:34 

COTTON  CULTURE  IN  EGYPT. 

It  has  been  stated  that  cotton  was  grown  in  Upper  Egypt  in  the  time 
of  Pliny,  but  the  cultivation  had  been  long  discontinued,  when,  about 
the  year  1821,  that  energetic  viceroy,  Mehemed  Ali,  having  made  some 
successful  experiments  in  cotton  planting,  began  the  cultivation  on  a 
large  scale  in  Upper  Egypt,  The  result  was  very  favorable.  The  pro- 
duct of  the  first  year  was  60  bags ;  the  second  year,  50,000 ;  the  third 
year,  120,000;  and  in  1824  140,000  bags  were  obtained.2  The  bags 
varied  in  weight  from  180  to  240  pounds. 

1  See  on  page  38  a  table  showing  the  export  of  Bengal  cotton  down  to  1858. 

2  Baine's  History  of  Cotton  Manufacture,  page  306. 
4  C 


42  PARIS   UNIVERSAL   EXPOSITION. 

In  1827  or  1828  a  quantity  of  seed  of  the  Sea  Island  cotton  was  planted 
in  Egypt,  where  it  flourished,  and  yields  cotton  second  only  to  the  Ameri- 
can Sea  Island.  About  1833  or  1834  the  cultivation  of  cotton  in  Egypt 
fell  to  an  inconsiderable  quantity,  but  was  afterwards  increased^  as 
appears  from  the  table  of  the  quantities  exported  from  Alexandria 
during  the  ten  years  1850-'59 : 

Pounds.  Pounds. 


1850 46,  059,  965 

1851 30,347,338 

1852 66,424,960 

1853 43,885,201 

1854 43,546,500 


1855 56,874,300 

1856 54,  419,  904 

1857 49,  489,  552 

1858 52,369,408 

1859 49,259,210 


Averaging  about  49,000,000  pounds,  or  95,000  bales  per  annum. 

In  Egypt,  as  elsewhere,  the  American  war  gave  a  new  and  forcible 
impetus  to  the  cotton  culture.  Unfortunately  the  exact  statistics  are  not 
at  hand.  The  crops  of  1864  and  1865  were  very  large,  say  360,000  and 
340,000  bales  respectively.  In  1866  and  1867  they  fell  off  to  210,000  and 
225,000  bales.  The  crop  of  1868-'69  is  estimated  as  equal  to  that  of  1865, 
say  340,000  bales  of  500  pounds  each. 

It  seems  to  be  the  fact  that  cotton  culture  in  Egypt  has  reached  its 
highest  point,  even  under  high  prices,  in  the  present  condition  of  that 
country ;  and  that  with  lower  prices  the  production  will  fall  away  and 
give  place  to  grain  crops. 

BRAZIL. 

The  Maraiiham  Company  exported  the  first  cotton  from  Brazil  about 
1760.  The  limited  demand  for  it  in  Europe  appears  from  this  incident : 
A  Portuguese  merchant,  in  1762,  bought  at  the  company's  sale  300  bags, 
(the  wild  cotton  of  the  province,)  at  300  reis  per  pound.  He  sent  it  to 
Kouen,  the  only  market,  but  was  a  loser  because  of  the  peace  of  1763. 
At  the  next  sale  there  was  no  bidder  for  any  large  quantity.  The  direc- 
tors took  it  at  160  reis,  and  were  also  losers.1 

England  first  received  cotton  from  Brazil  in  1782,  although  the  Dutch 
colony  of  Surinam  had  sent  cotton  to  Holland  as  early  as  1735 ;  thus 
early  making  known  the  quality  of  South  American  cotton.  Its  time 
had  not  then  come.  Soon  after  the  introduction  of  Pernambuco  cotton 
to  Great  Britain,  the  value  of  its  staple  was  discovered,  and  as  early  as 
1825  there  was  a  large  import  to  England  of  Brazil  cotton. 

1  Southey's  History  of  Brazil,  quoted  in  Bishop's  American  Manufactures. 


COTTON. 


43 


EXPORTS  FROM  BRAZIL. 

The  exports  from  Brazil  from  1840  to  1855  were  stated  in  Mr.  Ellison's 
hand  book,  as  follows  : 


Pounds. 

1840 22, 335, 520 

1841 22,140,030 

1842 20,466,566 

1843..         22,324,718 

1844 26,056,160 

1845 26,446,240 

1846..     20,651,040 

1847 19, 419, 224 


Pounds. 

1848 20,457,116 

1849 :.. 27,181, 312 

1850 35,498,048 

1851 28,270,080 

1852 28,  744, 000 

1853 31,  933,  056 

1854 28,551,584 

1855 27,838,720 


While  there  is  no  apparent  limit  to  the  capacity  of  Brazil  to  produce 
cotton  on  account  of  soil,  climate,  or  other  natural  condition,  economic 
reasons  seem  to  have  fixed  an  early  limit.  There  was  but  very  little 
increase  in  the  production  during  the  16  years  above  stated.  The  rea- 
son is  probably  to  be  found  in  the  greater  profit  of  other  crops,  especially 
of  coffee.  Daring  and  since  the  war  the  cotton  culture  of  Brazil  has  been 
largely  extended.  The  import  to  Great  Britain  alone  was  in— 


Year. 

Bales. 

Weight  per 
bale. 

Pounds. 

1864  

01O    ]QO 

Pounds. 

1865  

340  260 

1866  

1867  . 

437  210 

1868  

Here  was  a  progressive  increase,  and  the  estimate  for  the  crop  of 
1868-'69  calls  for  further  increase.  It  remains  to  be  seen  if  the  exten- 
sion of  this  culture  in  Brazil  is  to  be  permanent  and  progressive,  irre- 
spective of  occasional  depressions  of  price;  or  if,  upon  the  recurrence  of 
a  low  range  of  prices,  the  effect  of  over  supply,  cotton  will  not  again 
give  place  to  the  more  profitable  coffee. 

WEST  INDIES  AND  GUIANA. 

At  the  time  of  the  discovery  of  these  islands  by  Columbus,  the  cotton 
plant  was  cultivated,  and  large  quantities  of  its  fiber  were  manufac- 
tured by  the  natives.  The  early  cotton  manufacture  of  England  and 
other  parts  of  Europe  was  supplied  chiefly  from  the  West  Indian  colo- 
nies, and  from  the  Levant.  In  1787  Great  Britain  imported  from  her 
West  Indian  colonies  6,600,000  pounds  of  cotton,  or  about  38  per  cent,  of 
the  entire  import  to  the  United  Kingdom.  Our  own  early  importations 
of  cotton  were  chiefly  from  the  same  source.  The  quality  is  generally 
good,  especially  that  produced  in  Guiana  from  the  black  seed,  ranking 
nearly  with  the  Egyptian. 


44 


PARIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 


The  successful  culture  of  cotton  in  the  United  States,  and  consequent 
low  prices,  had  caused  a  great  falling  oif  in  the  West  Indies,  where  sugar 
became  the  preferred  crop  as  more  profitable.  British  emancipation  next 
occurred,  and  almost  caused  the  abandonment  of  cotton  culture.  The 
diminution  is  shown  in  the  following  table  of  British  imports  from  the 
West  Indian  colonies,  embracing  nearly  the  whole  product  for  the  several 
years.1  They  were  from — 

British  imports  of  cotton  from  the  West  India  colonies. 


Years. 

Demarara. 

Berbice. 

Grenada. 

St.  Vincent. 

Barbadoes. 

The  Bahamas. 

1831                   

Pounds. 
979  7-20 

Pounds. 
554  083 

Pounds. 
141  038 

Pounds. 
49  576 

Pounds. 
333  405 

Pounds. 
183  794 

1836             

818,  648 

262,  049 

117,  935 

71,864 

121  752 

157  118 

1841 

83  285 

3  154 

61  776 

49  622 

99  032 

905  751 

1846 

275  901 

113  638 

9  335 

53  382 

380  248 

257  507 

1851 

157  596 

24  715 

42  687 

86  948 

8  532 

1P56             

210,  560 

67,  760 

35  616 

51  632 

1857 

112  224 

42  336 

69  328 

28  000 

1  113  392 

1858  

227,  696 

57,  476 

57,  120 

3,  472 

In  1809,  Great  Britain  imported  from  all  COUD tries  440,382  bales,  of 
which  there  were  from  the  United  States,  160,180  bales ;  from  Brazil, 
140,927  bales 5  from  the  East  Indies,  35,764  bales ;  from  the  West  Indies, 
&c.,  103,511  bales.  In  1815,  the  imports  by  Great  Britain  were  100,709,146 
pounds ;  from  the  United  States,  54,407,299  pounds  ;  from  the  British 
West  Indies  and  Guiana,  15,341,197  pounds;  from  all  other  sources, 
30,960,650  pounds. 

In  1859,  the  production  of  cotton  in  the  British  West  Indies  and  Brit- 
ish Guiana  had  so  fallen  off  that  the  total  import  to  Great  Britain  from 
all  those  possessions  was  only  6,800  bales,  or  592,256  pounds. 

Here,  as  elsewhere,  high  prices,  the  effect  of  our  Avar,  induced  a 
rapid  restoration  of  the  cotton  culture.  Nearly  all  the  production  of 
those  British  possessions  is  exported  to  Great  Britain;  therefore  there 
will  be  no  material  error  in  taking  the  British  imports  as  the  measure  of 
the  colonial  production  for  the  last  three  years:  1866, 41,193  bales;  1867, 
43,446  bales;  1868,  20,630  bales.  The  imports  from  the  British  West 
Indies  in  1864  and  1865  were  respectively  59,645  and  131,120  bales;  but 
the  greater  part  of  these  was  of  cotton  from  the  United  States  which 
had  run  the  blockade. 

In  Turkey,  &c.,  prior  to  the  war,  its  stint  of  cotton  and  high  prices, 
the  commercial  supply  of  cotton  from  Turkey  and  other  countries  on  the 
Mediterranean  (Egypt  excepted)  was  too  small  to  find  separate  mention 
in  the  commercial  or  any  general  statistics  of  the  cotton  trade. 

There,  where  cotton  was  first  transplanted  from  the  east,  its  cultiva- 


Mann's  Cotton  Trade  of  Great  Britain,  p.  81. 


COTTON.  45 

tion  bad  long  ceased,  except  for  domestic  use  and  as  an  insignificant 
article  of  local  trade. 

Following  the  universal  rule,  there  also  the  culture  of  cotton  was 
quickly  extended  so  as  to  afford  a  contribution  of  some  magnitude! 
towards  the  needed  supply  after  1862.  The  statistics  of  that  production 
are  not  accessible  to  us.  The  imports  of  cotton  from  Turkey,  Greece,  &c., 
to  Great  Britain,  for  the  last  five  years,  were: 


isi;4 62,052  bales. 

1865 80,303  bales. 


1867 16,615  bales. 

1868 12,623  bales. 


1866 32,632  bales. 

To  these  should  be  added  the  quantities  taken  for  use  in  France  and 
other  portions  of  the  continent  of  Europe.  The  rapid  decline  in  the  pro- 
duction from  1865  to  1868  will  be  observed.  It  indicates  a  probable 
cessation  of  the  culture  for  export  whenever  the  United  States  and  other 
countries  of  abundant  and  cheap  production  shall  again  offer  to  the  com- 
mercial world  a  full  supply  of  cotton  for  its  wants. 

OTHEK  COUNTRIES,  AND  COMPARATIVE  VALUE  OF  AMERI- 
CAN AND  FOREIGN  COTTON. 

The  leading  cotton-producing  countries — the  United  States,  the  East 
Indies,  Egypt,  Brazil,  the  British  West  Indies,  and  Guiana,  and  the 
countries  bordering  upon  the  Mediterranean — having  been  passed  in  a 
rapid  review  of  their  past  and  present  cotton  supply,  it  remains  only  to 
notice  briefly  the  culture  in.  other  countries,  extended  or  called  into  exist- 
ence by  the  recent  famine  and  its  prices. 

Samples  from  all  these  countries,  showing  the  comparative  length  and 
quality  of  their  respective  staples,  were  exhibited  at  the  Universal  Expo- 
sition in  a  very  interesting  and  well-prepared  collection  by  the  Manches- 
ter Cotton  Supply  Association.  Through  the  courtesy  of  the  officers  of 
that  association  (acknowledged  in  the  first  part  of  our  report)  a  similar 
but. even  more  complete  collection  of  samples  was  prepared  for  and 
brought  home  by  the  commissioner  for  cotton  who  makes  this  report. 

During  the  war,  and  under  the  influence  of  high  prices,  experiments 
were  made  with  both  black  and  green  seed  wherever  cotton  planting  was 
attempted,  with  few  exceptions — the  former  of  American  Sea  Island  and 
Egyptian,  and  the  green  seed  principally  of  New  Orleans  and  other 
superior  staples.  Australia,  the  South  Pacific  islands,  South  Africa, 
and  the  west  coast  of  South  America  produced  fine  specimens  of  long 
stapled  (black  seed)  cotton,  vieing  in  spinning  value  with  the  best  staples 
from  Egypt,  Surinam,  Pernambuco,  &c.  Eastern  Europe  and  western 
Asia  exhibited  specimens  of  green  seed  cotton  grown  from  New  Orleans 
seed  that  were  much  better  than  the  native  cotton,  and  quite  equal  to 
the  upland  cotton  of  the  same  grade  in  the  United  States,  as  were  a  few 
of  the  specimens  from  India  obtained  from  the  same  seed. 

The  commissioner  is  so  convinced  that  cotton  culture  in  most  of  the 


46  PARIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 

places  where  these  experiments  were  made  will  cease  with  the  high  prices 
that  induced  them,  that  he  deems  it  unnecessary  to  make  mention  of 
them  separately.  The  samples  are  all  interesting  as  displaying  evidences 
of  what  can  be  done  under  the  power  of  price  or  necessity,  and  useful  to 
the  people  where  they  were  successful  in  testing  the  fitness  of  soil,  cli- 
mate, and  other  conditions  for  cotton  growing.  But  cotton  growing  will 
be  a  leading  business  permanently  only  in  those  countries  where  it  can 
be  made  more  profitable  than  other  pursuits.  Where  indigo,  rice,  tobacco, 
sugar,  coffee,  or  breadstuff's  will  pay  better,  or  will  better  suit  the  soil,  or 
climate,  or  the  necessities,  habits,  or  other  conditions  of  a  people,  than 
cotton,  the  culture  of  cotton  may  be  temporarily  forced  by  the  power  of 
high  price  as  well  as  by  the  decree  of  a  Pacha,  or  by  the  Avell-directed 
efforts  of  a  resolute,  intelligent,  and  persistent  manufacturing  people; 
but  it  will  be  only  temporary,  like  any  other  enforced  industry  attempted 
in  defiance  of  the  laws  of  true  economy. * 

Those  laws  find  a  parallel  and  illustration  in  the  laws  governing  the 
vegetable  world.  Indian  cotton  seed  brought  to  the  United  States  (from 
where  it  is  a  native  to  where  it  is  an  exotic)  will  produce  a  better  cotton 
here  than  in  India,  tending  to  longer  and  better  staple  continually.  On 
the  contrary,  Kew  Orleans  seed  planted  in  India  will  produce  cotton  the 
first  year  nearly  equal  to  its  original,  but  every  year  of  reproduction 
from  the  same  seed  will  exhibit  more  and  more  deterioration  until  the 
product  shall  have  assimilated  to  the  native  Indian  cotton.  The  con- 
ditions of  the  two  countries  cause  the  characteristics  of  cotton  to  deter- 
mine in  opposite  directions  ;  hence  the  necessity  for  frequent  renewals 
of  good  staple  seeds  in  India.  It  is  forcing  a  temporary  deviation  from 
nature's  course,  but  always  the  tendency  is  to  obey  the  natural  law. 

COMPARATIVE   VALUES   OF   AMERICAN  AND   OTHER   KINDS   OF   COTTON. 

The  classification  or  grading  of  cotton  is  not  applied  uniformly  to  the 
cotton  of  all  countries,  even  in  Liverpool,  where  all  are  found  in  market. 
"  Fair"  cotton  from  any  part  of  the  United  States  is  a  very  high  grade, 
almost  clear  of  impurities  and  defects.  It  is  four  grades  higher  than 
the  American  "  middling,'7  yet  the  latter  is  a  better  grade  in  point  of 
cleanliness  than  the  grade  of  "  fair"  in  Surats  and  some  other  sorts. 

These  incongruities  make  it  difficult  to  convey  to  any  one  not  familiar 
with  the  trade  and  its  technicalities  a  proper  idea  of  the  relative  value 
of  the  several  kinds  of  cotton  by  the  quotations  of  a  price  list.  The 
following  arrangement,  classing  American  "middling"  with  the  "fair" 
cotton  of  other  countries,  will  bring  them  all  nearly  to  uniformity  of 
cleanliness  and  appearance.  Differences  of  price  from  a  common  level 
will  then  indicate  the  relative  values  of  all  kinds  by  their  merits  for 

^ee,  in  the  Appendix  I,  a  report  from  the  London  Times  of  the  last  meeting  of  the  Cotton 
Supply  Association. 


COTTON. 


47 


spinning.    The  prices  are  those  of  December  30,  1868,  at  Liverpool, 


per  pound : 

Long  staple  or  black  seed  varieties. 
Sea  Island,  middling,  23d 

Egyptian,  fair, 
Peruvian,  fair, 
Pernambuco,  fair, 
West  Indian,  fair,  lid 

Green  seed  varieties. 

Orleans,  middling,  lid 


Mobile,  middling, 
Upland,  middling, 
Smyrna,  &c.,  fair, 
Surats,  Dharwars,  fair, 
Surats,  Dhollerahs,  fair, 
Madras,  fair, 
Bengal,  fair, 


ANNUAL  STATEMENT  OF  COTTON  SUPPLY. 

Annual  cotton  statistics  are  made  up  in  the  United  States  to  the  31st 
of  August,  and  in  Great  Britain,  and  Europe  generally,  to  December  31st. 
To  make  up  tables  for  both  Europe  and  the  United  States  in  which  the 
statistics  of  Europe  shall  conform  in  date  to  our  crop  statements,  the 
account  must  be  taken  in  Europe  about  September  30.  For  the  greater 
part  of  the  European  statistics  of  that  date  we  are  indebted  to  the  val- 
uable tables  of  M.  Ott-Trumpler,  of  Zurich. 

SUPPLY  AND  CONSUMPTION  OF  COTTON. 

Table  of  the  supply  and  consumption  of  cotton  in  all  Europe  and  the  United' 
States  for  the  year  1859-760. 


Supply  and  consumption. 

Bales. 

Pounds. 

Bales. 

Pounds. 

Stocks  of  cotton  in  ports  — 
In  Europe  September  30   1859 

750,000 

315  750  000 

In  the  United  States  August  31   1859  .     . 

150  000 

67,050  000 

Cotton  crop  of  the  United  States  for  the  year 
ending  August  31,  1860  ,,  

4,861  000 

2,192  311,000 

900,000 

382,800,000 

Import  te  Europe  for  year  ending  September  30, 
1860— 
From  India...                  ..         

700  000 

267  400  000 

From  Brazil  

127,000 

22,  987,  000 

From  Egypt  and  others  

167,  000 

68,  470,  000 

5  855  000 

2  551  168  000 

s"  ..%' 

Total  supply  Europe  and  America  for  the  year. 

6,  755,  000 

2,  933,  968,  000 

Consumption  in  the  United  States  

978,000 

441,  078,  000 

Consumption  of  American  cotton  in  Spain,  RUB- 

168,000 

75,768  000 

Consnmption  in  Great  Britain   all  kinds  ...  

2  560,000 

1,  113,  600,  000 

•    ' 

Consumption  in  rest  of  Europe  

1,  577,  000 

654,  455,  000 

5  283  000 

2  284  901  .  000 

Stocks  on  hand  in  United  States  August  31    1860 

228  000 

Stocks  on  band  in  Europe  September  30  1860 

1  244  000 

1  472  000 

649  067,000 

48 


PAEIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 


The  foregoing  table,  or  statement  of  1859-'60,  represents  the  year  of 
largest  supply  ever  known.  Compare  with  it  the  following  statement  of 
the  last  complete  cotton  year,  1867-'68 : 

Supply  and  consumption  of  cotton  in  Europe  and  the  United  States  for  the 

years  1867-768. 


Supply  and  consumption. 

Bales. 

Pounds. 

Bales. 

Pounds. 

Stocks  of  cotton  in  ports— 

1  092  000 

404  040  000 

In  the  United  States  August  31   1867 

80  000 

35  200  000 

Cotton  crop  of  the  United  States  for  the  year 
ending  August  31   1868 

2  600,000 

1,  157,  000,  000 

1,  172,  000 

439,  240,  000 

Import  to  Europe  for  year  ending  September  30, 
1868— 

1,  312,  000 

478,  880,  000 

675  000 

106,  650,  000 

233,  000 

116,  500,  000 

330,  000 

66,  000,  000 

5  150  000 

1  925  030  000 

6  322  000 

2,  364,  270,  000 

968  000 

430  760,000 

Consumption  of  American  cotton  in  Spain,  Rus- 

35  000 

15,  575,  000 

Consumption  in  Great  Britain   all  kinds  

2,  822,  000 

1,  001,  810,  000 

Consumption  in  rest  of  Europe            

1,845,600 

645,  960,  000 

5  670  600 

o  094  105  000 

Stocks  on  hand  in  the  United  States  August  31, 
1868                                              ... 

37,  400 

Stocks  on  hand  in  Europe  September  30,  1868  

614,  000 

651  400 

270  165  COO 

M.  Triimpler's  tables  exclude  the  cotton  trade  of  Spain,  Kussia,  and 
Sweden.  The  entire  cotton  crop  of  the  United  States  being  stated  on 
the  side  of  supply,  it  is  necessary  to  state  on  the  side  of  consumption 
the  export  of  United  States  cotton  to  those  countries.1 


1  See,  in  the  Appendix  G,  a  table  of  exports  of  American  cotton  to  Spain,   Russia,  and 
Sweden  and  Norway,  1849  to  1867. 


COTTON. 


49 


Table  of  the  supply  and  consumption  of  cotton  in  all  Europe  and  the  United 
States,  stated  for  a  comparison  of  the  three  years  1858-'59  to  1860-761 
urith  the  two  years  1866-'67  and  1867-?68,  (the  year  ending  August  31  in 
the  United  States,  and  September  30  in  Europe.} 


Years. 

Stocks  at  beginning 
of  year  —  Europe 
and  United  States. 

f 

Imports  to  Europe 
of  other  sorts. 

Total  supply,  Eu- 
rope and  United 
States. 

OQ 

Consumption  —  Europe 
and  United  States. 

1858-'59  

Bales. 
746,  000 
900,000 
1,  472,  000 

1,  426,  700 
1,  172,  000 

Bales 
4,  019,  000 
4,  861,  000 
3,  850,  000 

2,  319,  000 
2,600,000 

Bales. 
841,000 
994,000 
1,058,000 

2,  601,  000 
2,550,000 

Bales. 
5,606,000 
6,  755,  000 
6,380,000 

6,  346,  700 
6,  322,  000 

Bale*. 
900,000 
1,  472,  000 
1,112,500 

1,  172,  000 
651,  400 

Bales. 
4,  706,  000 
5,283,000 
5,267,500 

5,  174,  700 
5,  670,  600 

Pounds. 
1,  976,  520,  000 
2,  284,  901,  000 
2,  212,  350,  000 

1,  893,  940,  000 
2,  094,  105,  000 

1859-'60 

1860-'61 

1866-'67    . 

1867  '68 

While  the  number  of  bales  consumed  during  the  last  year  exceeds  that 
of  1859r'60  (the  largest  previous  to  the  year  1867->68)  by  387,600,  the 
number  of  pounds  consumed  the  last  year  was  less  than  that  of  1859-'60 
by  190,896,000,  equal  to  518,000  bales  of  the  average  weight  of  the  last 
year.  This  exhibits  the  falling  off  in  the  average  weight  of  bales  since 
the  proportion  of  American  supply  fell  from  seven-eighths  to  one-half  of 
the  whole  supply. 

The  consumption  of  cotton  in  Europe  and  the  United  States  during 
the  last  year,  1867-'68,  shows  an  increase  upon  the  preceding  year, 
1866-'67,  of  495,900  bales,  or  200,165,000  pounds. 


CHAPTER  III. 

COTTON   MANUFACTURING   IN   THE    UNITED 

STATES. 

PROMINENT  EVENTS  IN  THE  HISTORY  OF  AMERICAN  COTTON  MANUFACTURE — STATIS- 
TICS OF  MANUFACTURE— AVERAGES  OF  SPINDLES— RETURNS  FROM  COTTON  MILLS — 
CQMPARATIVE  STATEMENT  OF  THE  MOVEMENTS  OF  COTTON  IN  EUROPE  AND  THE 
UNITED  STATES— CONCLUSION. 

HISTORICAL  M)TI€E. 

The  time  allowed  for  preparing  this  report  is  too  short  to  permit  writ- 
ing a  history  of  the  early  cotton  manufacture  in  this  country ;  nor  can 
space  be  given  for  any  proper  treatment  of  a  subject  so  interesting. 

We  pass  over  the  period  from  1620,  when  cotton  was  recommended 
for  cultivation  in  Virginia  as  a  useful  material  for  textile  fabrics,  down 
to  1760-'80,  when  the  inventions  in  England  of  spinning  and  other 
machines  by  Highs,  Lees,  Hargreaves,  and  Arkwright,  gave  a  new  value 
to  and  demand  for  cotton. 

The  spinning  and  weaving  in  the  colonies  during  that  time  was 
chiefly  of  wool  and  flax,  and  only  for  home  wear,  trade  in  such  manu- 
factures being  prohibited.  Indeed,  the  history  of  that  period  tells  of 
the  policy  and  laws  of  the  mother  country  toward  the  colonies,  inter- 
dicting or  repressing  such  industries  as  might  compete  with  the  manu- 
facturer at  home  or  lessen  his  market. 

For  the  brief  narrative  which  follows,  of  the  prominent  events  in  the 
history  of  the  American  manufacture  of  cotton  goods,  we  are  mainly 
indebted  to  Samuel  Batchelder,  esq.,  of  Boston,  who  was  a  practical 
manufacturer  at  New  Ipswich,  K  H.,  as  early  as  1808,  and,  though  far 
advanced  in  years,  still  successfully  directs  the  operations  of  one  of  the 
large  corporations  at  Lawrence,  Mass. 

In  18G3,  Mr.  Batchelder  published  a  small  book1  containing  such  par- 
ticulars of  the  history  of  the  cotton  manufacture  in  this  country  as  he 
had  collected,  guided  by  the  personal  recollections  of  himself  and  his 
early  coteinporaries,  which  reached  back  almost  to  the  time  of  Slater 
and  the  introduction  of  the  first  Arkwright  machines. 

Spinning  jennies  and  frames  were  put  in  operation  in  the  United 
States  very  soon  after  they  were  started  in  England.  Soon  after  the 
close  of  the  war  of  the  Revolution,  in  178G-'S7,  the  legislature  of 
Massachusetts  offered  premiums  for  the  introduction  and  setting  up  of 
manufacturing  machinery.  In  1789,  the  "  Beverly  Manufacturing  Com- 

1  Introduction  and  Early  Progress  of  the  Cotton  Manufacture  in  the  United  States.  Bos- 
ton: Little,  Brown  &  Co.  1863. 


COTTON. 


51 


pany"  was  incorporated,  whose  works  at  Beverly,  Mass.,  had  been 
begun  in  1787,  and  were  in  operation  there  at  the  time  of  Washington's 
visit  in  1789 — the  first  cotton  factory  in  America. 

About  the  same  time,  Tench  Coxe  and  others  were  actively  promoting 
manufacturing  operations  in  Pennsylvania.  Machinery  for  making  cot- 
ton goods  was  set  up  in  Connecticut  in  1790,  in  !New  Jersey  in  1792, 
and  in  New  York  in  1794. 

But  Rhode  Island  was  especially  fortunate  in  securing  the  services  of 
Samuel  Slater,  a  practical  machinist  and  manufacturer,  who  arrived 
from  England  near  the  close  of  the  year  1789,  and  was  soon  employed 
by  Moses  Brown  and  Almy  &  Brown  to  take  charge  of  their  mills  at 
Providence  and  Pawtucket. 

The  mills  which  had  been  started  at  Beverly,  Providence,  Paterson, 
(New  Jersey,)  and  Philadelphia,  had  the  spinning  jenny;  but  it  was 
Slater  who  first  introduced  Arkwright's  machinery. 

Thenceforward  there  was  success,  with  rapid  improvement,  especially 
in  Rhode  Island  and  Massachusetts  attributable  in  a  great  degree  to  the 
skill  and  teaching  of  Slater. 

Coxe's  report  upon  the  census  of  1810  gives  the  number  of  cotton  fac- 
tories in  the  country  as  follows : 


Maine 3 

New  Hampshire 12 

Massachusetts 54 

Vermont 1 

Ehode  Island 28 

Connecticut ...     14 

New  York 26 

New  Jersey 4 


Pennsylvania 64 

Delaware '. 3 

Maryland 11 

Ohio 2 

Kentucky 15 

Tennessee 4 

Total..  .  241 


The  number  of  spindles  is  not  fully  stated,  but  those  of  New  Hampshire 
were  less  than  500  per  mill,  and  in  Ehode  Island  and  Massachusetts  less 
than  800  to  each  mill.  The  mills  in  the  middle  and  western  States  were 
doubtless  smaller  still.  Assuming  the  average  of  all  at  400  per  mill,  the 
whole  number  of  spindles  would  be  96,400.]  (In  Woodbury's  report  to 
Congress,  in  1836,  the  number  for  1810  was  stated  at  87,000.) 

1  Tench  Coxe,  in  his  "Statement  of  the  Arts  and  Manufactures  of  the  United  States  of 
America  for  the  year  1810,"  (prepared  in  1812,  under  instruction  of  Albert  Gallatiu, 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,)  says  "the  maximum  of  our  exportation  of  cotton  in  any  one 
year  was  sixty -four  millions  of  pounds  weight ;  "  that  it  was  "  worth  then  12-J  cents  per  pound 
at  the  planters'  estates— $8,000,000  ;"  and  that  if  the  64 ,000, 000  pounds  of  cotton  could  have 
been  spun  into  yarn,  (it  would  have  required  1,160,000  spindles,)  th«  weight  of  yarn  would 
have  been  about  50,000,000  pounds,  worth,  at  the  price  of  the  day,  $1  18£  per  pound,  and  its 
value  "would  amount  to  $50,000,000,  exceeding  the  aggregate  value  of  all  the  exports  of 
American  articles  in  the  most  favorable  year."  He  further  says,  that  by  weaving  this  quan- 
tity of  yarn  into  cloth  it  would  become  worth  $67,000,000,  and  by  the  process  of  printing 
and  dyeing,  its  value  would  be  further  increased,  so  that  "the  aggregate  value  of  our  sur- 


52  PARIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 

The  embarrassments  to  commerce  growing  out  of  the  war  in  Europe, 
the  Berlin  and  Milan  decrees,  orders  in  council,  and  our  own  embargo 
upon  trade,  had,  prior  to  1810,  restricted  the  importation  of  foreign  goods ; 
and  the  consequent  advance  in  prices  gave  impulse  to  a  rapid  increase 
in  the  production  of  such  fabrics  as  could  be  manufactured  here,  partic- 
ularly of  cotton,  to  take  the  place  of  the  foreign  goods. 

Mr.  Batchelder,  who  was  then  making  cotton  goods,  says,  "The  war 
with  Great  Britain  in  1812  raised  the  price  of  goods  to  such  extravagant 
rates  that  articles  of  cotton,  such  as  had  been  previously  imported  from 
England  at  17  to  20  cents  per  yard,  were  sold  by  the  package  at  75 
cents.  This  state  of  affairs  caused  a  further  large  increase  of  the  manu- 
facturing business  during  the  war. 

In  1811,  Mr.  Nathan  Appleton1  and  Mr.  Francis  C.  Lowell,  of  Boston, 
having  met  in  Edinburgh,  determined  upon  plans  for  the  introduction  to 
this  country  of  the  power-loom,  then  recently  put  in  operation  in  some 
of  the  cotton  mills  in  Great  Britain.  Those  plans  were  carried  into 
effect  by  Messrs.  Lowell,  Appleton,  ^atrick  T.  Jackson,  and  others,  and 
power-loom  weaving  wras  successfully  established  in  Waltham,  Massa- 
chusetts, in  1814. 

Improvements  to  the  machinery  for  spinning  and  weaving,  for  card 
ing  and  dressing,  and  other  processes  in  cotton  manufacture  were  dis- 
covered and  applied  in  rapid  succession  by  the  ready  invention  of  Paul 
Moody  and  others.  These,  brought  into  use  by  the  enterprise  and  saga- 
city of  Mr.  Lowell  and  his  associates  at  Waltham,  gave,  in  the  vicinity 
of  Boston,  an  impulse  which  for  its  day  was  as  valuable  and  effective 
as  that  given  by  Slater  and  his  associates  in  the  vicinity  of  Providence 
at  an  earlier  date.  The  later  one  was  a  great  advance  upon  the  first, 
yet  the  value  of  either  to  the  welfare  of  the  whole  country  cannot  well 
be  over-estimated.2 

With  the  return  of  peace  in  1815  the  importation  of  foreign  goods  wras 
resumed.  The  sudden  fall  in  prices  which  followed  was  destructive  of 
all  profit  in  manufacturing  operations,  and  brought  ruin  to  many  who 
were  engaged  in  them. 

plus  cotton,  (64,000,000  pounds,)  even  when  thus  simply  manufactured,  would  be  raised 
from  $8,000,000  or  $9,000,000  to  $75,000,000." 

The  supplementary  observations  of  Mr.  Coxe,  bearing-  date  September,  1814,  "in  regard 
to  the  uses  of  steam"  as  applied  to  the  manufactures  of  cotton  and  other  materials,  to  "  the 
moving  of  boats  and  vessels  freighted  with  those  raw  materials,"  and  other  labor-saving 
devices,  are  peculiarly  interesting-  now. 

J  See  Memoir  of  Hon.  Nathan  Appleton,  prepared  for  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society 
by  Hon.  R.  C.  Winthrop,  for  interesting  particulars  concerning-  the  establishment  of  the  earlier 
factories,  introduction  of  the  power-loom,  &c. 

2  Mr.  Nathan  Appleton,  in  the  sketches  of  his  own  life,  which  he  had  drawn  up  about  the 
year  1855,  and  handed  to  Mr.  Winthrop  a  short  time  before  his  death  in  1861,  thus  wrote  of 
the  labor-saving-  machinery  in  the  arrangement  adopted  by  Mr.  Lowell  for  the  mill  at  Wal- 
tham prior  to  1816.  "  It  is  remarkable  how  few  chang-es,  in  this  respect,  have  since  been 
made  from  those  established  by  him  in  the  first  mill  built  in  Waltham." 


COTTON.  53 

REPORT  OF  THE  CONGRESSIONAL  CO3DIITTEE  IN  1815. 

A  report  of  a  committee  of  Congress  in  1815  gave  the  following  as 
the  statistics  of  the  cotton  manufacture  in  the  United  States  at  that  date. 
Capital  employed $40,000,000 

Operatives  employed : 

Men 10,000 

Boys. 24,000 

Women  and  girls 66,000 

100,000 

Wages  of  the  100,000,  at  $1  50  per  week,  average $15,000,0001 

Cotton  consumed  per  year,  90,000  bales Ibs . .     27,000,000 

Yards  of  cloth  produced 81,000,000 

Cost,  averaging  30  cents  per  yard $24,300,000 

A  statement  of  the  spindles  in  three  States  was  made  as  a  basis  for 
assessments  to  pay  the  expenses  of  an  agent  at  Washington.  It  appears 
to  have  been  carefully  and  correctly  made  up,  and  was  as  follows : 

Mills.  Spindles. 

Rhode  Island 99  68, 142 

Massachusetts 52  39,  468 

Connecticut 14  11,700 

Total 165  119,  310 


The  foregoing  statistics  of  27,000,000  pounds  of  cotton  used,  producing 
81,000,000  yards  of  cloth,  or  three  yards  of  yard-wide  cloth  per  pound  of 
cotton,  indicate  an  average  of  about  No.  15  yarn.  At  the  probable  rate 
of  that  day,  there  should  have  been  about  350,000  spindles  in  the  United 
States  to  consume  the  27,000,000  pounds  of  cotton. 

Up  to  this  time  (1815)  the  cotton  machinery  had  been  employed  only 
in  the  production  of  yarn,  which  was  woven  upon  hand  looms,  (the  mill 
at  Waltham,  having  power  looms,  being  a  recent  exception.)  Now  came 
the  necessity  for  adopting  whatever  would  cheapen  the  process  yet 
improve  the  product,  and  power  looms  soon  came  into  general  use. 

The  great  profits  of  the  owners  of  cotton  factories  for  a  few  years  prior 
to  1813,  and  the  desire  to  participate  in  them,  led  to  the  erection  of  new 
mills  and  their  machinery,  to  a  great  extent,  upon  credit.  Many  had 
not  the  capital,  which  would  have  been  required  in  ordinary  times  for  a 
proper  conduct  of  the  business,  and  had  ventured  without  it  under  the 
temptation  of  extraordinary  prices.  While  all  suffered,  these  were 
utterly  disabled  by  the  change  that  came  with  peace. 

All  this  large  interest  was  prostrate.  In  the  "Autobiographical 
Sketches"  left  by  Nathan  Appleton,  he  made  notes  of  a  visit  which  he 
and  Mr.  Lowell  made  to  Ehode  Island  in  1816.  He  says :  "  We  pro- 
ceeded to  Pawtucket.  We  called  on  Mr.  Wilkinson,  the  maker  of 

1  Should  be  $150,000. 


54  PARIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 

machinery.  He  took  us  into  his  establishment — a  large  one.  All  was 
silent — not- a  wheel  in  motion — not  a  man  to  be  seen.  He  informed  us 
that  there  was  not  a  spindle  running  in  Pawtucket,  except  a  few  in 
Slater's  old  mill,  making  yarns ^  all  was  dead  and  still.  *  *  *  We 
saw  several  manufacturers ;  they  were  all  sad  and  despairing." 

Congress  was  petitioned  for  relief  in  the  form  of  a  protective  tariff,  and 
the  policy  of  encouraging  American  industry  in  this  way  was  earnestly 
advocated  and  carried  by  Calhoun,  Clay,  and  other  leading  southern 
men  in  Congress,  against  the  strenuous  resistance  of  representatives 
from  the  New  England  and  other  districts  largely  interested  in  shipping 
and  foreign  commerce. 

The  recovery  from  this  extreme  depression  was  slow  and  gradual. 
Adversity  had  compelled  the  adoption  of  the  best  labor-saving  machinery 
which  ingenious  men  could  devise,  and  a  resort  to  all  the  wise  economies 
that  should  tend  to  cheapen  the  cost  of  production.  Under  favor  of 
these  benefits  and  the  fostering  effect  of  the  protective  tariff  the  manu- 
facturing interest  regained  a  profitable  position,  and  began  a  new  period 
of  growth  and  prosperity.  It  has  since  passed  through  adverse  times, 
making  losses  and  encountering  changes  of  legislative  policy  that  were 
discouraging ;  but  in  spite  of  these  and  their  checks  to  progress,  it  has 
increased  from  one  decade  to  another,  and  has  become  one  of  the  most 
important,  as  it  is  one  of  the  most  firmly  established  industries  of  our 
people. 

In  1821  Messrs.  Nathan  Appleton,  Kirk  Boott,  P.  T.  Jackson,  and  Paul 
Moody  started  the  improvement  of  the  water-power  on  the  Merrimack 
river,  which  created  the  city  of  Lowell.  It  was  the  origin  and  type  of 
the  many  great  manufacturing  towns  which  have  become  the  seats  of 
wealth-producing  power. 

Our  limited  time  and  space  do  not  permit  even  a  chronological  state- 
ment in  detail  of  the  beginning  and  progress  of  the  large  manufacturing 
works  at  Saco,  Biddeford,  and  Lewiston,  in  Maine ;  at  Great  Falls,  Sal- 
mon Falls,  Manchester,  and  Nashua,  in  New  Hampshire ;  at  Lawrence, 
Fall  River,  and  the  hundred  other  manufacturing  cities  and  towns  in 
Massachusetts ;  nor  of  the  extension  of  this  business  in  the  States  of 
Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut,  dotting  them  all  over  with  factories 
wherever  a  water-power  could  be  utilized  under  the  influences  which 
began  with  and  flowed  from  the  success  of  Slater  in  1789-'90. 

The  early,  persistent,  and  successful  efforts  for  the  promotion  of  manu- 
factures in  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  and  New  York,  and  the  results 
achieved,  deserve  special  mention,  but,  like  the  others,  must  be  passed 
over. 

STATISTICS  OF  MANUFACTURE. 

It  remains  now  to  present  such  statistics  as  are  obtainable  to  show 
the  growth  of  this  business  from  one  decade  to  another  and  its  present 
condition. 


COTTON. 


55 


The  following  table  is  made  from  the  data  gathered  and  presented  to 
Congress  by  Mr.  Woodbury  in  his  special  report,  March  4,  1836.  Few, 
if  any,  of  its  quantities  could  Jiave  been  taken  from  actual  returns,  and 
all  are  more  or  less  the  subjects  of  estimate.  (The  spindles  in  1815  must 
have  been  over  300,000.)  Mr.  Woodbury  explains  that  the  quantities  of 
cotton  stated  as  consumed  included  the  cotton  used  in  families  for  home 
spinning  and  all  other  purposes. 

Xumber  of  spindles  and  consumption  of  cotton  from  1805  to  1835  inclusive, 
according  to  Woodbury. 


Year. 

Number  of 

spindles. 

Pounds  of 
cotton  used. 

Year. 

Number  of 
spindles. 

Pounds  of 
cottou  used. 

1805 

4  500 

11  000  000 

18°  I 

230  000 

50  000  000 

1807 

8  000 

3825    .      

800  000 

1809 

31  000 

1828  

1  250  000 

60  000  000 

1810       

87,000 

16,  000,  000 

1830  

1,  500,  000 

1811 

80  000 

17  000  000 

1831 

77  500  000 

1814 

122  646 

1833  

82  500  000 

1815 

130  000 

31  500  000 

1835 

1  759  000 

100  000  000 

1820 

220  000 

CENSUS  RETURNS. 

The  following  table  of  statistics  was  compiled  from  the  census  returns 
of  1840.  The  number  of  cotton  mills  then  returned  exceeds  the  number 
now  in  existence.  Either  many  have  been  discontinued,  or  some  were 
included  then  that  were  not  properly  cotton  factories. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  there  were  no  cotton  mills  in  the  States  of  Illi- 
nois, Missouri,  Michigan,  Florida,  Wisconsin,  Iowa,  nor  in  the  District  of 
Columbia. 

Statistics  of  the  cotton  manufacture  of  the  United  States  according  to  the 

census  returns  of  1840. 


. 

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29,736 

3 

$970,  397 

1,414 

$1.  398,  000 

58 

195  173 

4 

4,  142,  304 

6,991 

5,  523,  200 

278 

665  095 

22 

16,  553,  423 

20,928 

17,  414,  099 

Rhode  Island 

209 

518,  817 

17 

7,  116,  792 

12,086 

7,  326,  000 

116 

181  319 

6 

2,  715,  964 

5,153 

3,  152,  000 

Vermont 

7 

7  254 

113,000 

262 

118.  100 

,,7 

211,  659 

12 

3,  640,  237 

7,407 

4,  900,  772 

43 

63,  744 

13 

2,  086,  104 

2,408 

1,  722,  810 

106 

146  494 

40 

5,  013,  007 

5,522 

3,  325,  400 

11 

24  492 

332,  272 

566 

330,500 

Maryland.  .. 

21 

41,182 

3 

1,150,580 

2,284 

1,  304,  400 

56  PARIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 

Statistics  of  the  cotton  manufacture^  &c. — Continued. 


tt> 

'f 

•3 

•3 

a 

'"2  i 

1 

3 

c 

a 

s.* 

States. 

5 

£ 

-0    js 

£ 

*$ 

§    £ 

ft 

ft 

JB 

S3 

53  a 

,0     ® 

j 

d 

s 

Oi      i, 

s 

.FH 

3 

>» 

fc 

ll 

Q 

> 

^ 

c 

°2 

42  262 

1 

446  063 

1  816 

1  299  0°0 

25 

47  934 

438  900 

1  219 

995  300 

15 

16  355 

359  000 

570 

617  450 

19 

o 

304  342 

779 

573  835 

14 

1  502 

17  547 

82 

35  575 

53 

318 

1  744 

81* 

6  420 

2 

706 

18  900 

23 

22  000 

Tennessee             

38 

16  813 

325,  719 

1  542 

463  240 

Kentucky  

58 

12,  358 

5 

329  380 

523 

316,  113 

Ohio 

8 

13  754 

139  378 

246 

113  500 

12 

4  985 

1 

135  400 

210 

142  500 

Arkansas       

2 

90 

7 

2  125 

Total 

1  240 

2  284  631 

129 

46  350  453 

72  119 

51  102  359 

*  Evidently  erroneous ;  probably  three  mills,  and  eighteen  persons  employed. 

The  report  of  the  seventh  United  States  census  (for  1850)  does  not  men- 
tion cotton  mills  or  spindles.  Its  statistics  of  the  cotton  manufacture 
specify  the  capital  employed,  value  of  the  production,  number  of  persons 
employed,  and  some  other  items  of  information  that  would  be  useful  if 
they  were  reliable.  It  fails  to  supply  the  details  necessary  to  a  com- 
parision  of  the  cotton  manufacture  ia  1850  with  that  of  1840  and  1860. 

In  a  compendium  of  the  seventh  census,  prepared  by  J.  D.  B.  DeBow 
in  1854,  are  to  be  found  some  statistics  that  were  omitted  in  the  large 
quarto  report.  Some  of  these  are  included  in  Table  196  in  the  compen- 
dium, upon  "  cotton  manufactures,  1850."  Still  the  table,1  like  the  census 
report,  omits  mention  of  the  cotton  spindles,  and  as  an  exhibit  of  the 
manufacturing  capacity  of  the  cotton  mills  in  the  several  States  is  very 
unsatisfactory  and  inaccurate.  The  number  of  mills  in  Ehode  Island, 
their  capital  and  their  product,  are  set  down  as  less  in  1850  than  they 
were  by  the  census  of  1840,  when,  in  fact,  there  had  been  a  large  increase. 

According  to  the  annual  cotton  crop  statement,  published  by  the  New 
York  Shipping  List  for  the  year  1849-750,  the  total  quantity  of  cotton 
taken  for  home  consumption  that  year  was  613,000  bales,  for  all  uses, 
north  and  south,  of  which  not  more  than  600,000  bales  could  have  been 
consumed  by  the  spinning  machinery.  DeBow's  table  states  the  con- 

irfhe  table  referred  to  is  copied  (without  credit,  however)  into  the  Supplement  on  Cotton 
Statistics  and  Manufactures,  by  P.  L.  Simmonds,  appended  to  the  edition  of  Ure's  Cotton 
Manufactures  of  Great  Britain,  published  by  Bohn,  London,  1861.  Our  country  should  sup- 
ply more  carefully  prepared  statistics  for  use  in  the  preparation  of  works  so  valuable  as  those 
of  Ure  and  Simmonds.  (See  Vol.  1,  page  436.) 


COTTON.  57 

sumption  of  cotton  at  641,240  bales,  and  so  placed  in  the  table  as  to  bear 
the  inference  that  it  was  consumed  in  the  mills.  If  the  cotton  used  in 
families  for  all  purposes  was  included,  then  it  would  be  nearer  the  right 
quantity. 

AVERAGES  OF  CONSUMPTION,  SPINDLES,  AND  YARN. 

Through  the  well-directed  efforts  of  the  "National  Association  of 
Cotton  Manufacturers  and  Planters,"  during  the  past  year,  some  data 
have  been  obtained  that  are  reliable  and  valuable  as  supplying  a  basis 
for  computations  of  past  as  well  as  present  and  future  quantities.  In 
another  place  we  shall  make  free  use  of  their  tables. 

For  the  present  these  facts  should  be  noted : 

The  present  average  annual  consumption  of  cotton  in  all  the  United 
States  is  at  the  rate  of  65  pounds  per  spindle ;  in  the  northern  States  the 
rate  is  60.7  pounds,  and  in  the  southern  States  it  is  138.12  pounds  per 
spindle. 

The  average  size  or  number  of  yarn  produced  is  as  follows :  In  the 
United  States,  27  J,  in  the  north  28,  in  the  south  121. 

There  is  a  constant  tendency  to  finer  work  as  labor  becomes  more 
skilled  and  raw  material  more  costly  in  proportion.  Down  to  within  a 
few  years  the  number  of  yarn  was  as  coarse  as  No.  14  in  a  large  part  of 
the  northern  production. 

The  average  now  being  27J,  it  cannot  be  far  wrong  to  place  the  average 
size  of  yarn  for  1860,  No.  23;  for  1850,  No.  22 J;  for  1840,  No.  20. 

The  consumption  of  65  pounds  of  cotton  per  year  to  each  spindle,  for 
an  average  of  No.  27J  yarn,  after  allowing  20  per  cent,  gross  waste, 
produces  52  pounds  of  yarn,  equal  to  1,430  hanks,  which,  for  300  work- 
ing days,  gives  4.76  hanks  per  day. 

The  better  machinery  now  affords  a  higher  rate  of  production  than 
was  generally  practicable  for  the  same  yarn  in  the  same  time  some  j-ears 
ago. 

The  coarser  the  yarn  on  equal  speed,  the  greater  will  be  the  quantity 
of  cotton  used. 

Comparing  the  work  in  1850  with  that  now  done,  it  will  be  well  to 
assume,  in  the  absence  of  stated  facts,  that  in  the  year  1850  the  average 
number  of  yarn  was  22J ;  the  average  rate,  4.8  hanks  per  day ;  the  cot- 
ton consumed  in  mills,  600,000  bales,  equal  to  264,000,000  pounds;  which, 
at  80  pounds  per  year  for  each  spindle,  would  require  3,300,000  spindles 
to  work  it  up. 

Mr.  Samuel  Batchelder  made  a  report  to  the  Boston  board  of  trade  in 
1861,  upon  the  cotton  manufacture,  in  which,  by  another  process,  he 
arrived  at  a  result  not  widely  different. 

DEFECTIVE   STATISTICS. 

The  errors  in  DeBow's  compendium  of  the  United  States  census  for 
•1850  have  been  noticed.    As  the  statistical  work  by  the  same  compiler, 
J.  D.  B.  DeBow,  entitled  "The  Industrial  Eesources,  &c.,  of  the  South- 
ern and  Western  States,"  is  often  cited  as  good  authority  in  matters  per- 
5c 


58 


PARIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 


taining  to  cotton,  its  trade,  and  manufacture,  it  is  well  to  say  here,  and 
show  reason  for  saying,  that  its  statistics  generally  in  regard  to  manu- 
factures of  cotton  are  quite  erroneous,  and  not  to  be  accepted  until  veri- 
fied.1 

In  volume  1,  page  210,  he  says :  "In  1840  the  cotton  used  annually  in 
our  mills  was  106,000,000  pounds;  capital  invested  was  [1]  $80,000,000; 
annual  value  of  cotton  manufacture  [2]  $60,000,000.  In  the  same  year 
there  were  in  operation  in  the  New  England  States  1,590,140  spindles. 
The  whole  number  of  cotton  spindles  in  the  United  States  in  1850  was 
2,500,000,  showing  an  increase  of  20  per  cent,  in  the  last  ten  years,  [3.] 
Of  the  present  actual  condition  of  the  cotton  manufacture  in  this  country 
we  cannot  speak  with  entire  certainty  until  the  returns  of  the  census  for 
1850  are  published.  We  are  deficient  in  'details,  but  for  the  figures  given 
above,  derived  chiefly  from  a  work  on  American  cotton  manufactures  by 
Kobert  H.  Baird,  1851,  we  can  speak  with  confidence  of  the  2,500,000  [4] 
cotton  spindles  now  in  the  United  States ;  150,000  are  in  the  southern 
States  and  100,000  in  the  western." 

The  foregoing  is  a  literal  quotation. 

(1.)  The  census  of  1840  stated  the  capital  at  $51,102,359. 

(2.)  The  census  of  1840  stated  the  annual  product  at  $46,350,453. 

(3.)  Although  the  census  of  1840  is  not  mentioned,  and  in  other  par- 
ticulars its  statistics  are  displaced  by  his  own,  here  Mr.  DeBow  refers  to 
the  number  of  spindles  in  the  census  of  1840,  upon  which  there  is  an 
increase  of  20  per  cent. 

(4.)  There  is  nothing  but  bare  assertion  for  the  2,500,000  spindles  in 
1850.  See  its  contradiction  by  himself  below. 

From  page  220  of  the  same  volume  is  quoted:  uThe  following  returns, 
based  partly  on  the  official  census,  show  the  number  of  mills  and  spindles 
in  each  of  the  New  England  States  using  cotton  wholly,  leaving  out  all 
of  those  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  Avarps  for  satinets,  merino  shirts, 
mousselaine  delaines,  and  shawls  of  mixed  materials,  of  which  it  forms 
a  component  part : 

"  Mills,  spindles,  and  looms  in  New  England. 


States. 

Mills. 

Looms. 

Spindles. 

1850. 

1840. 

15 
40 
165 
12 
166 
109 

3,439 
12,  462 
32,  655 
345 

28,  233 
6,  506 

113,900 
440,  401 
1,  288,  091 
31,  736 
624,  138 
252,  812 

29,  736 
195,  173 
665,  095 
7,  254 
518,817 
181,319 

Total 

507 

*  82,  640 

1  2,  754,  078 

1,  597,  304 

*  The  clerical  errors  in  the  footings  follow  the  original. 

t  Here  we  see  2,754,078  spindles  for  New  England  alone,  whereas  in  the  statistics  which  he  "  could  use  with 
confidence,"  Mr.  DeBow  stated  the  number  to  be  2,500,000  for  all  the  United  States. 

1  See  Appendix  K  for  another  of  Mr.  DeBow's  tables  of  cotton  statistics. 


COTTON.  59 

"This  shows  a  very  considerable  increase  of  production;  being  nearly 
90  per  cent,  in  the  number  of  spindles." 

That  there  was  no  proper  statement  of  the  cotton  manufacture  in  1850, 
was  attributable  to  Mr.  DeBow,  who  had  charge  of  the  census  statistics. 
He  should  have  all  the  credit  due  to  his  work. 


60 


PARIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 


II 


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COTTON.  61 

the  following  averages  per  spindle 


From  the  foregoing  table  appear 
in  most  of  the  States : 

Averages  per  spindle  according  to  the  table 


States. 

Capital 
invested. 

Pounds  cot- 
ton   con- 
sumed. 

Product. 

Value  per 
Ib.  of  raw 
material. 

Maine  

$20  36 

78  13 

$22  12 

$0  12* 

20  71 

58  52 

24  87 

25 

Vermont  .  . 

16  10 

56  20 

18  13 

12* 

Massachusetts  

19  14 

72  81 

21  1° 

Rhode  Island  

15  00 

50  30 

16  00 

13$ 

Connecticut 

12  9'i 

34  05 

16  47 

051 

New  York 

16  50 

79  11 

°2  73 

Pennsylvania  .  ...... 

23  00 

91  60 

32  79 

201. 

19  20 

23  49 

33  83 

75 

Delaware 

22  25 

105  72 

35  76 

Maryland  ... 

44  38 

240  92 

56  05 

13f 

Ohio  

16  67 

121  00 

41  97 

13J 

Indiana   . 

22  73 

72  72 

31  73 

12i 

Missouri 

11  65 

6  89 

15  86 

141 

Kentucky.  .  . 

10  95 

32  74 

17  63 

441 

Virginia  

46  18 

257  93 

37  06 

10i 

North  Carolina  

34  82 

170  93 

30  87 

11 

South  Carolina 

50  29 

233  63 

35  17 

11 

Georgia 

41  85 

292  87 

50  00 

13 

Alabama    

45  77 

153  80 

32  13 

14i 

*  The  light  quantity  of  cotton  consumed  and  large  value  per  pound  of  the  raw  material  in  New  Jersey 
indicates  thread  spinning  and  the  use  of  sea  island  and  other  costly  cotton.  This  is  confirmed  by  the  small 
number  of  looms. 

The  Preliminary  Eeport  on  the  Eighth  Census,  by  J.  G.  C.  Kennedy, 
superintendent,  says  of  the  facts  exhibited  in  the  foregoing  census  table : 

"The  product  per  spindle  varies  in  the  different  States,  partly  accounted 
for  by  the  fact  that  many  manufacturers  purchase  yarns  which  have  been 
spun  in  other  States.  *  *  *  *  The  quantity  of  cotton  used  in  the 
fabrication  of  the  above  goods  was  364,036,123  pounds,  or  910,000  bales 
of  400  pounds  each.  Of  this  amount  the  New  England  States  consumed 
611,738  bales,  and  Massachusetts  alone  316,655.  The  consumption  per 
spindle  in  that  year  in  the  various  sections  was  as  follows : 

Consumption  of  cotton  per  spindle. 


No.  of  spin- 
dles. 

Pounds      of 
cotton. 

Pounds  per 
spindle. 

3  959  297 

237  844  854 

61.8 

In  the  middle  States 

861  661 

76,055  666 

88.26 

*In  the  southern  States                                                                    .... 

174,  340 

40,  530,  003 

232.48 

In  the  United  States  ..           

5,  035,  798 

364,  036,  123 

72.2 

*  We  have  interpolated  this  line  showing  in  a  separate  aggregate  the  spindles  and  consumption  of  the  south- 
ern States  («outh  of  the  Potomac)  from  the  census  table.  The  cotton  consumed  must  include  cotton  used  in 
families,  or  otherwise  than  upon  mill  spindles,  the  utmost  capacity  of  which  would  be  equal  to  the  consump- 
tion of  a  quantity  only  about  half  as  large  as  the  above  rate  per  spindle. 


62 


PARIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 


STATISTICS  FROM  THE  NATIONAL  ASSOCIATION    OF   COTTON  MANUFAC- 
TURERS AND  PLANTERS. 

Allusion  has  been  made  to  the  publications  of  the  a  National  Associa- 
tion of  Cotton  Manufacturers  and  Planters."  That  association  was 
organized  in  the  early  part  of  the  last  year,  chiefly  "  to  promote  the  cul- 
tivation of  cotton  in  our  country,  and  a  recognition  of  the  identity  of 
interests  between  the  cotton  planters  and  manufacturers;  and  generally 
to  accomplish  by  associated  efforts  whatever  may  be  for  the  common 
good  within  the  sphere  of  the  association,  shunning  everything  of  a  local 
or  partial  character." 

By  the  courtesy  of  the  officers  of  that  association  we  are  permitted  to 
take  the  following  table  and  remarks  from  a  report  prepared  by  its  sta- 
tistical committee,  to  be  presented  at  an  approaching  meeting  to  be  held 
in  Baltimore. 

The  table  is  compiled  from  the  actual  returns  made  from  the  mills,  in 
number  and  locality  as  stated,  and  these  carefully  collected  by  the  sec- 
retary of  the  association.  The  number  of  spindles  is  less  than  T 

Synopsis  of  returns  from  cotton  mills,  January  30,  1869. 


States. 

£ 

Spindles. 

Average  number 
of  yarn. 

Cotton  spun. 

Average  per  spin- 
dle. 

Cotton  otherwise 
used. 

Maine 

22 

443  800 

241 

Pounds. 
28  838  608 

Pounds. 
65 

Pounds. 

New  Hampshire     .     .... 

49 

734  460 

25§ 

48  089  439 

65  46 

1  297  600 

Vermont  

16 

28  038 

29£ 

1  281  125 

45.69 

953  500 

Massachusetts  

150 

2,  386,  002' 

27£ 

138  081  144 

57  87 

197  000 

126 

1  082  376 

35i 

51  938  373 

47  06 

890  800 

Connecticut 

81 

545  528 

29 

31  652  920 

58 

492  500 

New  York 

88 

437  482 

32i 

22  097  044 

50  51 

4  125  000 

New  Jersey  

30 

175  042 

32$ 

10  767  600 

61  51 

7  000 

Pennsylvania  

71 

384,  828 

17 

34,  806,  531 

90.45 

2  336  500 

9 

48  892 

21 

3  286  280 

67  46 

Maryland 

11 

45  502 

12| 

7  972  896 

175  22 

Ohio...   .        

5 

22  834 

13 

3  170  000 

138  82 

GOO  000 

Indiana  

1 

10,  800 

14 

1,  493,  061 

138  26 

Illinois 

1 

126  500 

Missouri 

4 

13  436 

10 

2  475  000 

184  21 

Northern.    

664 

6  359,  020 

28 

385  952  021 

60  7 

11  026  400 

10 

36  060 

15f 

4  010  000 

111  18 

North  Carolina 

17 

24  249 

10£ 

3  537  000 

145  85 

South  Carolina. 

6 

31  588 

13| 

4  174  100 

132  14 

Georgia  

20 

69,  782 

12  i 

10  864  350 

155  70 

Alabama  .  . 

8 

25,196 

17 

2.  820.  596 

112 

1  See  appendix  (F)  for  the  report  upon  cotton  spinning  in  the  United  States,  as  made  by  the 
international  jury  of  the  Paris  Exposition,  1867. 

2  From  the  records  of  the  National  Association  of  Cotton  Manufacturers  and  Planters. 


COTTON. 


63 


Synopsis  of  returns  from  cotton  mills,  January  30,  1869 — Continued. 


States. 

| 

s 

a 

1 

Average  number 
of  yarn. 

Cotton  spun. 

Average  per  spin- 
dle. 

Cotton  otherwise 
used. 

Mississippi                

6 

8  752 

9 

1  457  000 

166.48 

4 

8  528 

9* 

1  372  104 

160  90 

Arkansas           .              ... 

2 

924 

8} 

258  400 

268  83 

Tennessee  

10 

13  720 

10 

1  847  200 

134 

Kentucky 

3 

6  264 

10 

1  075  000 

171  62 

86 

225  063 

12f 

31  415  750 

138,  12 

Northern  States 

664 

6  359  020 

28 

385  952  021 

60.70 

11,026  400 

Southern  States        .         .  .     ....... 

86 

225  063 

12| 

31,  415,  750 

138.12 

Total 

750 

6  584  083 

27* 

417  367  771 

64.88 

11,026,400 

*ij 

There  are  not  probably  more  than  100  mills  nor  more  than  250,000 
spindles  in  the  country  not  yet  returned. 

The  secretary  has  upon  his  list  only  81  mills  unreported,  in  which  he 
estimates  that  there  are  233,000  spindles.  This  list  includes  all  of  which 
he  can  get  any  mention  whatever. 

In  explanation  of  the  greater  number  of,  mills  (1,091)  reported  in  the 
census  of  1860,  he  submits  the  following : 

Mills  of  which  he  has  returns 750 

Mills  on  his  list  not  returned 81 

Mills  originally  on  his  list  not  now  using  cotton : 

That  have  ceased  running 72 

Consolidated  with  others 14 

Printing  only 11 

Weaving  only 75 

Using  waste  from  other  mills 10 

=      182 

Total..  1,013 


It  is  probable  that  many  factories  were  classed  as  cotton  mills  in  the 
census  of  1860,  which  would  be  excluded  by  us  as  not  properly  cotton- 
spinning  mills.  The  secretary  finds  that  cotton  in  considerable  quan- 
tities is  "  used  otherwise  than  in  cotton-spinning."  He  is  trying  to  get 
complete  returns  of  it,  but  finds  obstacles  not  easily  overcome,  and  is 
satisfied  that  the  partial  returns  stated  in  the  column  for  "  cotton  not 
otherwise  used77  do  not  represent  one  half  the  proper  quantity. 


64 


PARIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 


The  mills  reporting  which  spin  cotton  use  per  year  417, 367,  771  pounds. 

Eighty-one  mills  not  reporting  are  estimated  to  use    27,  960,  000  pounds. 

Cotton  otherwise  used,  that  is,  for  textile  fabrics, 
batting,  &c.,  but  not  in  cotton  mills  proper,  esti- 
mated at 24,  672,  229  pounds. 


470,  000,  000  pounds. 

Deduct,  for  the  exceptional  cases  in  which  the 
quantity  reported  is  the  usual  consuming  capac- 
ity, and  not  the  actual  consumption  of  the  year  20,  000,  000  pounds. 


Total  consumption  for  1868,  (in  part  estimated,  as 

above) ....  450,  000,  000  pounds. 


Of  which  was  used  in  the  southern  States,  about.     38,  000,  000  pounds. 


INCREASE   OF  MANUFACTURED   GOODS. 

The  sum  of  the  increase  of  the  manufacture  of  cotton  goods  and  yarns 
in  the  United  States  is  shown  approximately  in  the  following  recapitu- 
lation of  the  aggregates  at  the  decennial  periods : 

Sum  of  increase  of  the  manufacture  of  cotton  goods. 


Year. 

No.   of 
mills. 

No.  of  spin- 
dles. 

Pounds  cot- 
ton  con- 
sumed. 

Average 
per  spin- 
dle. 

Average 
No.  of 
yarn. 

1840  ,. 

I  240 

2  284  631 

171  201  °18 

74  94 

°0 

1850  

3,  300,  000 

264,  000,  000 

80. 

22£ 

1860 

915 

5  035  798 

364  036  123 

7°  2 

03 

1868 

831 

6  817  083 

450  000  000 

64  88 

071 

The  rate  of  increase  thus  appears  to  have  been — 

1840  to  1 850 ...  in  spindles  44.4  per  cent in  cotton  used  54.2  per  cent. 

1850  to  1860. .  .in  spindles  52.6  per  cent in  cotton  used  37.9  per  cent. 

1860  to  1868. .  .in  spindles  35.4  per  cent in  cotton  used  23.6  per  cent. 

1840  to  1868.  .in  spindles  198.3  per  cent.,  .in  cotton  used  162.8  per  cent. 

We  do  not  find  any  complete  statistics  of  the  various  kinds  of  cotton 
goods  produced.  The  custom-house  returns  aiford  some  materials  for  a 
table  of  cotton  goods  exported,  which  table  will  be  found  in  the  appen- 
dix, (E,)  embracing,  however,  only  plain  white  or  brown  goods,  and  only 
from  the  ports  of  !New  York  and  Boston  for  the  years  1849  to  1868, inclu- 
sive. This  table  shows  nearly  the  whole  export  of  domestic  cottons, 
and  in  a  comparison  of  the  several  years  the  fluctuations  of  increase  and 
diminution  maybe  observed.  In  the  appendices  (D)  and  (H)  will  be  found 
a  table  containing  the  principal  facts  of  the  British  trade  and  manufac- 


COTTON. 


65 


ture  of  cotton.    The  statement  for  the  calendar  year  1868,  in  Great 
Britain,  stands  thus :  1 

Imports,  exports,  and  consumption  in  Great  Britain,  1868. 


Bales. 

Pounds. 

Stock  held  by  spinners  January  1 

80  000 

30  253  000 

Stock  in  the  ports  January  1  

554  800 

191  415  360 

3  660  130 

1  296  957  930 

Total  supply  

4  294  930 

1  518  625  290 

915  120 

315  195  100 

Stocks  held  by  spinners  December  31 

80  000 

28  953  000 

497  870 

178  280  090 

Total  deduction 

1  492  900 

522  428  190 

Leaving  as  the  actual  consumption         ...          ..            

2,801  940 

996,  197,  100 

Which  compares  as  follows  with  the  preceding  nine  years : 


Year. 

Bales. 

Pounds. 

Year. 

Bales. 

Pounds. 

1868  

2  801  940 

996  197  100  j 

1863  

1,303,500 

476,445  000 

1867 

2  552  498 

954  517  505 

1862 

1  185  500 

449  821  000 

1866 

2  406  394 

890  721  031  : 

1861 

2  363  600 

1  005  477  000 

1865 

2  034  730 

718  651  000 

I860    

2  523  000 

1  079  321  000 

1864 

1  566  400 

561  196  000 

1859 

2  296  700 

977  633  000 

In  order  to  give  a  correct  comparison  of  the  amount  of  cotton  con- 
sumed in  each  of  the  past  ten  years,  we  have  reduced  the  bales  to  the 
uniform  weight  of  400  pounds  each,  as  follows : 

Amount  of  cotton  consumed,  1859  to  1868. 


Year. 

Total  in  bales  of 
400  pounds. 

Average 
per  week. 

Years. 

Total  in  bales  of      Average 
400  pounds.        per  week. 

1868 

2  490  490 

47  890 

1863  

1,  191,  110  |            22,  910 

1867 

2  386  290 

45  890 

1862  

1,124,550              21,620 

1866 

2  226  800 

42  820 

,  1861                   

2,563,690              49,300 

1865 

1  796  639 

34  550 

'  i860  

2,  698,  300  !            51,  890 

1864 

1  402  990 

26  980 

!  1859... 

2,  444,  080  1            47,  000 

As  compared  with  1867,  the  consumption  of  1868  shows  an  increase  of 
only  2,000  bales  of  400  pounds  per  week. 
In  Siinmonds's  statistical  supplement  to  Ure's  Cotton  Manufacture  of 

1  From  Ellison  &  Hay  wood's  Annual  Review,  for  the  year  1868,  published  in  Liverpool 
January  14,  1869. 


66 


PARIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 


Great  Britain,  London,  1861,  page  397,  the  items  of  the  following  table 
are  found : 


Year. 

Pounds  cotton 
consumed. 

No.  of  persons 
employed  in 
cotton  mills. 

No.  of  spindles. 

Average  weight 
of  cotton  con- 
sumed per 
spindle. 

1856 

891  400  000 

379  213 

28  010  217 

31^  pounds. 

Ig59                                                 

976  600,000 

415,  423 

30  759  368 

3  If  pounds. 

I860                                     

1,  050,  895,  000 

446,  999 

33,  099,  056 

31f  pounds. 

A  parliamentary  return  stated  that  there  were  in  Great  Britain,  in 
1850,  20,858,062  spindles,  consuming  629,798,400  pounds  cotton,  equal 
to  30  pounds  per  spindle. 

The  increase  of  cotton  spindles  in  Great  Britain  since  1860  is  estimated 
to  exceed  10  per  cent.  If  now  only  36,500,000  in  number,  and  using  the 
same  number  of  pounds  of  cotton  per  spindle  when  fully  employed,  as  in 
1859-'60,  they  would  require  about  1,159,000,000  pounds.  The  quantity 
used  in  1868,  996,197,000  pounds,  was  only  about  85  per  cent,  of  the 
quantity  required  for  the  machinery  to  run  full. 

The  following  very  interesting  statistics  of  European  cotton  trade  and 
manufacture  are  derived  from  the  Annual  Eeview  of  Messrs.  Ellison  & 
Haywood,  of  Liverpool,  who  give  credit  for  some  of  the  continental 
figures  to  Messrs.  Stolterfoht,  Sons  &  Co. : 


COTTON. 


67 


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PARIS   UNIVERSAL   EXPOSITION. 


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COTTON.  69 

The  deliveries  to  Great  Britain  in  1868  show  a  decrease  of  343,500 
bales  (of  average  of  400  pounds  each)  compared  with  I860,  while  those 
to  Holland  and  Germany  together  show  an  increase  of  128,000  bales  of 
same  weight.  The  absolute  increase  in  the  consumption  of  Great  Bri- 
tain in  1868  over  1867  was  only  a  trifle  over  the  increase  in  Germany, 
the  figures  being  115,000  and  112,000,  respectively. 

The  aggregates  for  the  several  years  in  the  foregoing  table  differ  a 
little  from  those  in  our  own  comparative  table  on  page  49,  because  the 
latter  were  computed  for  years  ending  30th  September  in  Europe  and 
31st  August  in  the  United  States,  while  the  former  represent  the  results 
for  the  calendar  years.  (See  Table  H  in  the  Appendix.) 

CONCLUSION. 

The  experience  of  the  past  year  fully  justifies  the  conclusion  stated  in 
the  report  made  from  this  commission  in  August,  1867.  The  peculiar 
advantages  of  our  country  for  producing  cotton  are  rapidly  regaining 
the  position  held  before  the  war — quite  fast  enough,  in  view  of  the  extra- 
ordinary change  in  the  condition  of  the  laboring  population  and  of  the 
wastes  by  war. 

The  cotton-planting  States  should  continue  to  produce,  as  of  first 
necessity,  ample  supplies  of  food  for  home  use.  The  power  of  high 
prices  (the  seasons  being  favorable)  will  not  fail  to  secure  a  progressive 
increase  in  the  production  of  cotton  at  a  cost  cheapening  from  year  to 
year,  until  its  excess  shall  at  length  drive  from  competition  the  cotton 

of  less  favored  countries. 

B.  F.  NOUBSE,  Commissioner. 
BOSTON,  February  1,  1869. 


APPENDICES. 


APPENDIX  A. 

CAPITAL  INVESTED  IN  THE  CULTURE  OF  COTTON  IN  1835. 

The  following  statement  of  the  capital  invested  in  the  culture  of  cotton 
in  1835  is  taken  from  "  Woodbury's  Tables  and  Notes  on  the  Cultivation, 
Manufacture  and  Foreign  Trade  of  Cotton" — a  report  to  Congress  March 
4,  1836,  before  cited  in  this  report. 

"The  crop  of  1834-'35  was  set  down  by  the  same  authority,  and  cor- 
rectly, at  460,000,000  pounds,  which  would  be  230  pounds  per  acre  on 
the  area  of  land  as  stated  below. 

"The  capital  invested  in  cotton  lands  under  cultivation  at 
2,000,000  acres,  and  worth,  cleared,  on  an  average,  $20 

per  acre,  is $40,000,000 

"The  capital  in  field  hands,  and  in  other  lands,  stock, 
labor,  &c.,  to  feed  and  clothe  them,  at  $100  per  year,  on 
340,000  in  number,  would  require  the  interest  or  income  of 

a  capital  at  6  per  cent,  of 544,000,000 

"  The  maintenance  of  340,000  more  assistants,  &c.,  at  $30 
each  per  year,  would  require  the  income  of  a  capital  at 

six  per  cent,  of 167,000,000 

"The  capital  to  supply  enough  interest  or  income  to  pay 
for  tools,  horses  for  ploughing  cotton,  taxes,  medicines, 
overseers,  &c.,  at  $30  for  the  first  340,000,  would  be 167,000,000 

"  Making  in  all  a  permanent  capital  equal  to 018,000,000" 


Apply  to  this  formula  the  quantities  and  values  of  1860,  and  we  should 
have  a  total  capital  of  $2,682,000,000  employed  in  producing  the  crop  oi 
1859-'60,  allowing  240  pounds  to  the  acre. 

The  capital  now  required  for  the  production  of  3,000,000  bales  per 
annum,  of  450  pounds  each,  is  but  little  more  than  the  value  of  about 
8,000,000  acres  of  land,  and  buildings  which  at  present  values  can  hardly 
exceed  $100,000,000,  and  so  much  more  capital  as  would  pay  from  its 
interest  the  \vages  and  maintenance  of  laborers  a  few  months  until  crops 
begin  to  come  in.  The  latter  portion  of  the  required  capital  rests  chiefly 
in  the  surplus  of  crops  for  subsistence  carried  forward  from  the  previous 
harvest. 


COTTON.  71 

APPENDIX  B. 

THE  AUGUSTA  COTTON  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY  OF  AUGUSTA,  GA. 

It  appears  from  the  report  of  the  president  of  the  company,  Mr.  Wil- 
liam E.  Jackson,  that  the  gross  earnings  of  the  company  during  the  six 
months  ending  June  30, 1868,  amounted  to  $135,510  65;  interest  received, 
$3,921  65;  total,  $139,432  30.  The  expenses  and  taxes  for  the  same 
time  were  $31,898  16;  leaving  a  net  profit  of  $107,544  14.  Two  divi- 
dends amounting  to  $60,000  were  paid,  enabling  the  company  to  carry 
to  the  credit  of  profit  and  loss  account  $47,534  14,  making  the  amount 
at  present  to  that  account,  $224,798  22.  The  goods  manufactured  from 
December  14, 1867,  to  June  13,  1868,  were,  pounds,  1,184,845;  pieces, 
98,348;  yards,  3,888,301.  The  cotton  consumed  amounted  to  1,362,571 
pounds;  average  cost  of  cotton,  19.98;  the  average  number  of  yards  per 
loom  made  daily  was  49  1-5 ;  number  of  looms  running,  505 ;  number  of 
hands  employed,  507 ;  aggregate  wages  paid,$87,546  93;  aggregate  sales, 
$519,965  01.  Between  June  13,  1865,  and  June  30,  1868,  the  com- 
pany increased  its  machinery  to  the  extent  of  $92,686  76  worth,  and  paid 
to  the  stockholders  $360,000.  The  company  commenced  business  with 
a  capital  of  $60,000.  The  gold  value  of  their  property  on  the  30th  of 
June  last,  irrespective  of  the  $224,798  22  before  mentioned  as  standing  to 
their  credit,  was  $600,000.  The  aggregate  sales  of  the  company  since 
their  organization  have  amounted  to  $3,765,301  80;  the  wages  paid  to 
$622,280  15;  average  number  of  hands  employed,  578,  and  the  average 
number  of  yards  per  loom  per  day  45.90.  Their  production  during  three 
years  was,  pounds,  6,261,655;  pieces,  527,114;  yards,  20,364,919.  The 
original  factory  property  was  purchased  about  ten  years  ago  from  the 
city  of  Augusta  for  $140,000,  on  ten  years'  credit.  Already  the  entire 
property  has  been  paid  for. 


APPE]ST>IX  C. 

NATIVE  PHOSPHATES  OF  SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

Dr.  ^T.  A.  Pratt,  the  chemist  and  general  superintendent  of  the  Charles- 
ton, South  Carolina,  Mining  and  Manufacturing  Company,  has  contributed 
an  article  to  the  Southern  Cultivator  upon  the  discovery  and  extent  of 
the  phosphatic  deposits,  and  the  following  is  abridged  from  his  descrip- 
tion. 

The  calcareous  beds  of  South  Carolina  are  justly  considered  the  most 
remarkable  perhaps  in  the  world,  and  very  early  attracted  attention; 
and  in  the  time  of  the  late  venerable  Edmund  Euffin,  esq.,  were  extensively 
explored  and  analyzed.  Many  subsequent  explorers — amon g  whom  stand 
pre-eminent  Professor  M.  Tuomey,  State  geologist  of  South  Carolina, 


72  PARIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 

and  Professor  F,  S.  Holmes,  of  the  Charleston  college— have  so  system- 
atically explored  and  studied  these  beds  that,  previous  to  the  year 
1850,  they  were  as  well  and  widely  known  geologically  and  palceontolo- 
gically  as  any  other  equally  extensive  in  the  world. 

The  calcareous  marls  of  South  Carolina  have  been  closely  studied, 
classified,  and  analyzed,  and  their  value  as  marls,  containing  a  small  per- 
centage of  phosphate  of  lime,  has  b£en  known  for  20  years;  but  there 
is  another  bed,  not  of  marl,  but  adjacent  to  these,  equally  well  known 
and  described,  the  composition  of  which  has,  until  lately,  been  unknown 
and  misunderstood. 

Reference  to  the  Geology  of  South  Carolina,  by  Professor  M.  Tuoniey, 
published  in  1848,  will  show  all  that  was  known  of  them  up  to  the  year 
1867,  viz: 

1st.  That  the  calcareous  beds  of  this  section  had  been  carefully  studied, 
classified,  and  analyzed,  and  were  known  to  contain  from  50  to  85  per 
cent,  of  carbonate  of  lime,  and  from  2  to  9.20  per  cent,  of  phosphate  of 
lime. 

2d.  That  the  rnarlstones,  nodules,  or  conglomerates,  (constituting  a 
bed  which  overlies  the  newer  eocene  marls,)  bedded  in  the  clay,  were 
universally  considered  as  silicified,  having  lost  all  or  most  of  their  lime, 
which  rarely  exceeded  six  per  cent. — (Tuomey's  Geology  of  South  Carolina, 
p.  165.) 

3d.  That  the  fossil  bones,  marine  and  terrestrial,  were  also  considered 
petrified  or  silicified. 

See,  also,  the  magnificent  work  on  the  "Post  Pliocene  Fossils  of  South 
Carolina,'*  by  Professor  F.  S.  Holmes,  (1859),  Introduction,  p.  ii. 

These  are  the  published  records ;  but  Professor  Holmes  has  informed 
Dr.  Pratt  that  Professor  Tuomey  made  a  crude  analysis  of  these  nodules 
some  years  ago,  and  he  thought  the  estimate  was  fifteen  to  sixteen  per 
cent,  of  phosphate  of  lime,  but  not  enough  to  counterbalance  the  car- 
bonate of  lime,  iron,  and  sand  which  they  also  contained,  and  it  was  con- 
sidered unavailable  for  agricultural  purposes. 

During  the  late  war,  while  in  charge  of  the  chemical  department  of 
the  C.  S.  Mtre  and  Mining  Bureau,  and  engaged  in  inspecting  the  salt- 
petre beds  of  Charleston  and  Ashley  river,  wrhich  were  constructed  under 
the  charge  of  Prof.  F.  S.  Holmes,  Dr.  Pratt's  attention  was  repeatedly 
directed  by  Prof.  Holmes  to  the  remarkable  accumulation  of  fossil  bones 
in  a  bed  long  since  described  and  known  as  the  "  Fish  Bed  of  the  Charles- 
ton Basin/'  and  also  to  the  existence  of  from  two  to  nine  per  cent,  of  phos- 
phate of  lime  in  the  heavy  marls  below,  as  indicated  by  the  analysis  of 
Prof.  C.  U.  Shepard,  published  in  the  Geology  of  South  Carolina  in  1848. 
Knowing  that  the  marls  of  Georgia  were  comparatively  poor  in  that 
ingredient,  rarely  exceeding  three  per  cent.,  the  contrast  was  too  strik- 
ing to  escape  notice ;  and  the  doctor  took  various  samples  to  Augusta, 
Georgia,  for  examination,  but  more  urgent  matters  at  that  time  pre- 
vented the  analysis,  and  the  fact  was  almost  forgotten. 


COTTON.  73 

Later,  in  May,  1867,  Dr.  Pratt  was  fortunate  enough  to  discover  that 
a  bed  outcropping  within  ten  miles  of  Charleston  contained  as  large  a 
percentage  of  phosphate  of  lime  as  any  of  the  phosphatic  guanos  imported 
from  the  tropical  islands,  and  used  in  this  country  and  abroad,  for  the 
manufacture  of  fertilizers. 

This  bed  has  been  long  known  in  the  history  of  the  geology  of  South 
Carolina  as  the  "Fish  Bed  of  the  Charleston  Basin,"  on  account  of  the 
abundant  remains  of  the  marine  animals  found  in  it,  Professor  Holmes, 
of  the  College  of  Charleston,  having  in  his  cabinet  not  less  than  60,000 
specimens  of  sharks'  teeth  alone,  some  of  them  of  enormous  size,  weigh- 
ing from  two  to  two  and  a  half  pounds  each !  The  bed  outcrops  on  the 
banks  of  the  Ashley,  Cooper,  Stono,  Edisto,  Ashepoo,  and  Combahee 
rivers,  but  is  developed  most  heavily  and  richly  on  the  former,  and  has 
been  found  as  far  inland  as  40  or  50  miles. 

Xi'ar  the  Ashley  river  it  paves  the  public  highway  for  miles;  it  seri- 
ously impedes  and  obstructs  the  cultivation  of  the  lands,  affording 
scarcely  soil  enough  to  "  hill-up  the  cotton  rows,77  and  the  phosphates 
have  been  for  years  past  thrown  into  piles  on  the  lawns,  or  into  cause- 
ways over  ravines,  to  get  them  out  of  the  reach  of  the  ploughs ;  it  under- 
lies many  square  miles  of  surface  continuously,  at  a  depth  ranging  from 
six  inches  to  twelve  or  more  feet,  and  exists  in  such  quantities  that  in 
some  localities  from  500  to  1,000  tons  or  more  underlie  each  acre.  In 
fact,  it  seems  that  there  are  no  rocks  in  this  section  which  are  not  phos- 
phates ! 

Chemical  analyses  made  by  Dr.  Pratt,  in  the  laboratory  of  Dr.  Bave- 
nel,  showed  that  samples  from  different  localities  contain  from  34  to  55 
and  67  per  cent,  of  phosphate  of  lime.  A  company  was  soon  after  organ- 
ized for  thoroughly  working  this  invaluable  deposit,  and  South  Carolina 
has  now  become  the  exporter  rather  than  the  importer  of  fertilizers. 

6c 


74 


PARIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 


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TABLE  I.  —  $f 

^  stock  in  Liverpool,  April  29, 
g  equal  to  only  about  one  -f  on 
of  cotton  from  America  into  L 

Britain,  January  1,  all  kinds.. 
Britain,  January  1,  all  kinds.  . 

,r,r.l,r  f^r- 

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j    «g    CM    «„    «w    < 

;     .scat 

i   |    1     1     1     ; 

^  •"£  «  pq  w  p 

Britain  from  East  Indies  
Britain  from  West  Indies,  &c 
import  

.3    .3     a    -r     g 
^   ^   2    g    a 
S3    S    *•-     «    cc 
-    *   "3   ^   3    g          £ 

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a    c    »•   tt   ^  ^    *    = 

3?l|llrf| 

Issllitli 

^c3c3SSSOj2^ 

^^SSpg^S^ 
o-  0  0    §    §    o    o    g   .5 

f  Upland,  in  Liverpool,  per  po 
f  Surats,  in  Liverpool,  per  pou 
n  Liverpool,  New  Orleans,  "f 

I 
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3 
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COTTON. 


75 


ff  I      S  I  I  §  i  S  S"  8  "    |  S  2"  «"  3"  S 
"  2"  £          Sf 


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g~  8       8"  |  |"  |  5  8"  S"  |  *'  I  I"  S"  *  *  S  If  f  CT 

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111 

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76 


PARIS   UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 


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COTTON. 

lllllilll 


77 


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78 


PARIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 

•f   of  o"  st    in    of   o"          **    o"  c"  jf  £f  s~  gf  o" 


2    g    g2 

ef 


888 


s  §"  S  s" 

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«  ? 


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Ci^t*l^CCO  CiOC^r-<r-HC3 


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<r«»oc<  w          TT          (Mai          r~<          din 


*888 


COTTON. 


79 


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rjcicioooio  t^r---H«»n 

^O        T— I         Oi  t^        "^        t^» 


80 


PAKIS    UNIVEESAL    EXPOSITION. 


-2       8 


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cr.    co  o  01  — *  co  i-i    o 

CJ      T  t-  i-l  r-i  Tf                i— I 

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1  s  s  s  f  | 


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8288 


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a   1   = 
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2  2 
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COTTOX. 


81 


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5    ?»    5    5s    K    5    5 


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5 


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CO  PH" 


1 


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82 


PARIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 


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of 


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8  § 

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of 


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61 


COTTON. 


83 


This  table  of  the  statistics  of  British  cotton  trade  and  manufacture, 
and  two  others  of  the  more  extensive  and  valuable  tables  published 
herewith,  are  taken  from  the  publications  of  the  "National  Association 
of  Cotton  Manufacturers  and  Planters."  They  had  been  compiled  by 
the  writer  of  this  report,  -for  the  use  of  that  association,  from  the  best 
authorities,  chiefly  from  the  statistics  of  the  cotton  trade  published  by 
Messrs.  George  Holt  &  Co.,  of  Liverpool. 

IMPORTATION  OF  COTTON  WOOL. 

TABLE  II. — Estimated  yearly  average  importation  of  cotton  wool  into  Great 
Britain  at  various  periods  prior  to  1816,  (in  pounds.) 


1701  a  1705     .  . 

1  200  000 

1801" 

56  000  000 

1809 

92  800  000 

1716a  1720  

2  200  000 

1802  

60  300  000 

1810 

136  500  000 

1771  a  1775  

4,  800,  000 

1803  

53  800  000 

1811. 

91  600  000 

1776  a  1730 

6  700  000 

1804 

61  900  000 

1812 

63  000  000 

1781ol78o  

10  900  000 

1805 

59  700  000 

1813 

51  000  000 

1786  a  1790  

25  400  000 

1806  

58  200  000 

1814 

60  100  000 

1791  a  1795  

26,  700,  000 

1807  

74  900  000 

1815 

99  300  000 

1796  a  1800 

37  300  000 

1808 

43  600  000 

1 

SOURCES  OF  SUPPLY  OF  COTTON. 

TABLE  III. — Sources  of  tlie  cotton  supply  of  Great  Britain  for  ten  years, 
1806  to  1815,  inclusive,  (packages.) 


United  States. 

Brazil. 

East  Indies. 

W.  Indies,  &c. 

Total. 

1806 

124  939 

51  034 

7  787 

77  978 

261  738 

1807.           

171  267 

18,  981 

11,  409 

81,010 

282  667 

1808  

37,672 

50,442 

12,  512 

67,512 

168  138 

1809 

160  180 

140  927 

35  764 

103  511 

440  382 

1810 

246  759 

142  286 

79,382 

92  186 

560  613 

1811 

128  192 

118  514 

14,  646 

64,879 

326  231 

1812          

95  331 

98,704 

2,607 

64,563 

261  205 

1813  

37,720 

137,168 

1,429 

73,219 

249  536 

1814 

48  853 

150  930 

13  048 

74  800 

287  631 

1815 

203  051 

91  055 

22  357 

52  840 

369  303 

Total 

1  253  964 

1  000  041 

200  941 

752  498 

3  207  444 

84 


PARIS    UNIVERSAL   EXPOSITION. 


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88  PARIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 

APPENDIX  F. 

COTTON  SPINNING  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

[La  filature  du  coton  des  Etats  Unis.] 

"Apres  I'Angleterre  viennent,  comme  importance  dans  Pindtistrie  du 
coton,  les  Etats  Unis,  qui  comptent  aujourd'hui  pres  de  8,000,000  de 
broches. 

Les  renseignemeiits  statistiques  que  nous  avons  pu  nous  procurer  et 
tirer  des  publications  du  Congres  sont  moms  precis  que  ceux  que  nous 
possedons  siir  les  autres  pays. 

La  filature  du  coton  date,  en  Amerique,  de  1824  settlement  ;  Lowell,  le 
Manchester  Americain,  possede  des  etablisseinents  tres-importants  qui, 
il  y  a  quinze  ans,  ne  comptaient  encore  que  5,500,000  broches ;  mais, 
depuis  la  reconstitution  de  1'Union  et  1'elevation  des  tarifs  protecteurs, 
le  nombre  des  filatures  tend  a  s'accroitre  rapidement,  et  avant  peu  les 
Etas  Unis  auront  plus  de  8,000,000  de  broches. 

D'apres  des  chiffres  officiels,  100,000,000  de  kilogrammes  de  coton 
etaient,  sur  la  recolte,  conserves  chaque  annee  en  Amerique,  alors  qu'il 
n'y  avait  a  alinienter  que  5,500,000  broches;  aujourd'hui  les  Americains 
doivent  done  en  conserver  145,000,000,  qui,  convertis  en  fils  de  numeros 
geiieralement  assez  gros,  suffisent  a  leur  consommation  et  leur  permettent 
meme  une  exportation  considerable  dans  FAmerique  du  Sud ;  ils  n'ont 
done  a  tirer  de  TAngleterre  que  les  numeros  plus  fins.''  (From  the  Rap- 
ports du  Jury  International^  Exposition  Untierselle,  de  1807. ) 


COTTON. 


89 


APPENDIX  G. 

EXPORTS  OF  COTTON  FROM  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Table  of  exports  of  American  cotton  from  the  ports  of  the  United  States 
to  Sweden  and  Norway,  Russia  and  Spain,  for  the  years  ending  30th  of 
June,  from  1849  to  1867,  inclusive,  giving  pounds  and  value.  (Compiled 
from  official  records  for  Mr.  Bourse.) 


Years. 

SWEDEN  AND  NORWAY. 

RUSSIA. 

SPAIN. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

1849 

7,  030?  305 
3,  624,  123 
5,  160,  974 
5,  939,  025 
6,099,517 
9,212,710 
8,  428,  437 
17,  289,  637 
10,  038,  095 
4,  057,  593 
11,  032,  609 
11,  662,  859 
582,  831 

$482,474 
412,  132 
571,  616 
510,  103 
613,  857 
898,926 
741,  278 
1,  652,  049 
1,249,042 
458,  776 
1,  268,  302 
1,  306,  071 
73,822 

10,  650,  631 
4,  338,  705 
10,  098,  448 
10,  475,  168 
21,  286,  563 
2,  914,  954 
448,  897 
4,  643,  384 
31,  933,  534 
32,  110,  204 
43,  619,  863 
21,  698,  054 
4,251,273 

$852,  198 
540,422 
1,297,164 
962,  346 
2,  254,  345 
301,  293 
48,  647 
514.  161 
4,  267,  234 
4,  122,  996 
5,  432,  422 
2,  644,  514 
543,432 

23,  285,  804 
27,  676,  266 
34.  272,  625 
29,  301,  928 
36,  851,  042 
25,  024,  074 
33,  071,  795 
58,  479,  179 
45,  557,  067 
39,  630,  463 
60,  522,  742 
44,021,833 
11,  155,  049 
582,  747 

$1,  527,  720 
3,  170,  086 
4,  387,  262 
2,  262,  195 
3,  932,  095 
3,  683,  045 
3,  320,  134 
5,  841,  517 
6,  165,  751 
4,  862,  777 
7,  222,  908 
5,  268,  397 
1,262,136 
98,411 

1850  

1851                            

1852 

1853 

1854 

1855  

1856 

1857 

1858.  

1859 

1860 

1861           

1862 

1863-'65                

1866      

323,380 

125,  845 

2,  685,  884 
5,  089,  784 

1,  065,  803 
1,  553,  995 

8,  815,  730 
11,  034,  094 

3,  802,  040 
3,110,838 

3867                                     

The  above  table  was  compiled  for  this  work  by  the  careful  and  accu- 
rate statistician  of  the  ]$ew  York  Journal  of  Commerce. 

7  C 


90  PARIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 

APPENDIX  H. 

COTTON-GROWING  IN  INDIA  AND  OTHER  COUNTRIES—REPORT  OF  THE  PRO- 
CEEDINGS OF  THE  MANCHESTER  COTTON  SUPPLY  ASSOCIATION, 

[From  the  London  Times  of  December  26,  J868.] 

At  the  usual  meeting  of  the  executive  committee,  held  Tuesday,  Decem- 
ber 22,  a  letter  was  read  from  Dargeeling,  Bengal  Presidency,  stating-  that 
the  views  which  the  writer  expressed  when  in  England  six  years  ago, 
and  which  were  founded  upon  personal  experience  during  12  years'  res- 
idence in  various  parts  of  India,  have  since  been  fully  confirmed,  and 
that  he  is  more  than  ever  convinced  of  the  possibility  of  securing  a  suc- 
cessful cotton  field  in  India.  New  Orleans  and  Egyptian  seed  can  be 
advantageously  cultivated  in  that  portion  of  the  Bengal  Presidency  with 
which  he  is  connected,  as  he  has  satisfactorily  proved ;  and,  he  has  no 
doubt,  also  in  the  neighboring  districts  of  Doar  Teraies,  which  contains 
hundreds  of  thousands  of  rich,  unreclaimed  acres,  similar  in  soil  and  sub- 
soil, as  shown  by  chemical  analysis,  to  the  cotton  soils  of  Georgia  and 
Alabama,  and  capable  of  yielding  large  future  supplies  of  fine  cotton. 
The  natives,  however,  are  so  averse  to  change  their  rude  agricultural 
system,  and  are  so  firmly  attached  to  their  patriarchal  method  of  hus- 
bandry, that  it  is  extremely  difficult  to  persuade  them  to  enhance  the  value 
of  their  crops  by  means  of  superior  seed  and  a  better  mode  of  cultiva- 
tion. Moreover,  the  common  country  churka  is  not  well  adapted  for 
cleaniDg  New  Orleans  and  Egyptian  cotton,  and  they  are  therefore  nat- 
urally disinclined  to  cultivate  crops  from  foreign  seeds,  the  produce  of 
which,  unginned,  is  actually  of  less  local  value  than  the  crops  from  infe- 
rior indigenous  seed.  It  was  therefore  resolved  to  send  out,  at  the 
expense  of  the  association,  some  gins  to  meet  the  exigency,  as  well  as  a 
fresh  supply  of  New  Orleans  and  Egyptian  seed.  A  letter  was  received 
from  Broach,  stating  that  a  prize  list  of  the  Broach  exhibition,  which 
was  to  open  on  the  22d  of  December,  has  been  forwarded,  and,  conse- 
quently, that  the  medals  and  money  offered  by  the  association  will  be 
immediately  awarded.  A  letter  was  read  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
acknowledging  a  grant  made  by  the  association  of  seed,  which  has  been 
publicly  offered  for  distribution  to  all  persons  willing  to  give  cotton  cul- 
tivation a  fair  trial  in  the  colony.  The  only  article  of  export  (wool)  being 
very  low  in  price  in  the  home  market,  it  has  become  necessary  to  try 
some  other  industry,  and  it  is  expected  that  self-interest  will  induce  many 
to  grow  cotton  largely,  though  the  people  are  somewhat  apathetic.  His 
excellency  the  governor  has  taken  an  interest  in  the  subject,  and  it  is 
hoped  that  government  influence  will  have  a  beneficial  effect  upon  the 
natives.  All  that  is  wanted  to  make  the  colony  a  valuable  cotton-pro- 
ducing country  is  a  little  enterprise,  and  some  capital  judiciously  ex- 
pended. A  report,  forwarded  by  the  foreign  office,  upon  the  cultivation 
of  cotton  at  Guayana  was  received  from  Her  Majesty's  charge  d'affaires 


COTTON.  91 

at  Caracas,  and  a  consular  return  from  Eio  Grande  do  Sul.  In  Venezue- 
lan Guayana,  want  of  agricultural  laborers,  owing  to  a  scanty  population 
and  the  discovery  of  rich  gold  fields,  are,  and  will  continue  to  be,  the  only 
hindrances  to  the  extensive  cultivation  of  cotton  in  this  state.  Vene- 
zuelan Guayana  offers  to  the  cotton  planter  all  the  advantages  that  could 
be  desired — an  immense  territory  traversed  by  navigable  rivers  and 
streams,  which  facilitate  the  means  of  transport,  abundance  of  excellent 
pasturage  and  agricultural  lauds,  and  well-distributed  seasons  for  sow- 
ing and  picking.  Cuidad  Bolivar,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  the  only 
port  on  the  Orinoco  for  embarcation,  and  every  facility  exists  for  stor- 
ing and  shipping  produce.  The  local  tax  on  cotton  amounts  to  100  cents, 
and  the  export  duty  to  80  cents  per  100  poun4s.  The  cotton  shipped  from 
this  port  to  Liverpool,  New  York,  Hamburg,  and  Bremen,  is  brought 
from  the  adjacent  states,  but  principally  from  the  state  of  Zamoza, 
( Varinas.)  The  cotton  exported  during  the  year  to  the  above-mentioned 
ports  amounts  to  225,400  pounds,  and  the  stock  on  hand  to  1,024  bales 
of  100  pounds.  In  the  province  of  Eio  Grand  do  Sill  cotton  cultivation 
has  proved  unsuccessful.  Though  the  plant  was  not  uncommon  in  many 
gardens  and  fields,  where  it  grew  spontaneously,  no  cotton  previous  to 
the  American  war  was  raised  for  export.  In  the  year  1864,  its  cultiva- 
tion on  an  extended  scale  was  commenced  by  Mr.  John  Proudfoot ;  he 
sent  to  Scotland  for  laborers,  and  introduced  the  most  modern  and 
approved  agricultural  implements,  as  well  as  quantities  of  foreign  or 
exotic  seeds.  This  seed  he  distributed  gratuitously  to  every  person  who 
would  accept  it,  and  he  agreed  to  purchase,  at  remunerative  rates,  all  the 
cotton  they  could  raise.  His  exertions  and  outlay  were  not,  however, 
successful  5  the  laborers  he  brought  out  were  novices  in  the  science  of 
cotton  cultivation,  equally  with  the  natives  of  the  country.  It  was  an 
experiment  begun  by  people  having  no  practical  experience  j  various  mis- 
takes were  made  in  consequence,  and  to  this  may  be  attributed,  in  a  great 
measure,  the  failure  of  cotton  cultivation  in  this  province.  In  the  Ger- 
man colonies  very  little  cotton  is  now  planted  j  as  long  as  other  agricul- 
tural produce  obtains  such  high  prices  as  hitherto,  cotton  will  be  neg- 
lected as  an  article  of  export.  In  these  colonies  a  good  deal  of  flax  is 
produced  and  spun.  Many  of  the  colonists  wear  home-made  clothing. 
The  climate  is  considered  better  adapted  for  flax  than  for  cotton. 


APPENDIX  I. 

NOTICE  OF  ERRONEOUS  COTTON  STATISTICS. 

The  following  extract  is  from  DeBow's  "  Industrial  Eesources  of  the 
Southern  and  Western  States,  vol.  1,  p.  216: 

u  It  has  already  been  stated  in  a  former  part  of  this  work  that  Massa- 
chusetts is  the  principal  manufacturing  State  in  this  country.  An  act 


92 


PARIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 


was  passed  by  the  senate  and  house  of  representatives  of  that  State,  in 
1837,  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  i  statistical  information  in  relation  to 
certain  branches  of  industry  within  the  commonwealth.'  The  following 
table  is  copied  from  the  report  of  the  secretary  of  the  commonwealth, 
which  he  prepared  from  the  returns  of  the  assessors  in  the  various  towns 
and  cities  in  the  State : 

Statement  of  the  cotton  manufactures  in  twelve  of  the  States  in  1831. 


States. 

Capital. 

Number  of 
spindles. 

Yards  of  cloth 
produced  y'rly 

Pounds  cloth 
produced  y'rly 

Pounds  cotton 
consumed  y'rly 

Maine  

$765  000 

6,500 

1,  750,  000 

525  000 

588  500 

5  300  000 

113  776 

29  060  500 

7  255  060 

7  845  000 

295  500 

12  392 

2  238  400 

574  500 

760  000 

Massachusetts 

12  891  000 

339  777 

79  231  000 

21  301  062 

24  871  981 

Rhode  Island  

6  262  340 

235  753 

31,  121,  68J 

9  271  481 

10  414  578 

Connecticut  ,.  

2  825  000 

115,  528 

20,  055,  500 

5,  612,  000 

6  777  209 

New  York  

3,  669,  500 
2  027  644 

157,  316 
62  979 

21,  010,  910 
5  133  776 

5,  297,  713 
1  877  418 

7,  661,  670 
5  832  204 

3  758  500 

120  810 

21  332,467 

4,207  192 

7  111  174 

Delaware  

384  000 

24,  806 

5,  203,  746 

'      1,  201  ,  500 

1  435  000 

Maryland  

2  144,000 

47,222 

7,  649,  000 

2,  224,  000 

3,  008,  000 

290  000 

9  844 

675  000 

168  000 

1  152  000 

Total 

40  612  984 

1  24G  703 

230  461  990 

54  514  926 

77  457  316 

"  The  preceding  table  shows  the  extent  of  the  cotton  manufacture  in 
the  United  States  in  1831 j  since  that  time  there  has  been  a  considerable 
increase." 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  foregoing  extract  from  DeBow  purports 
to  give  the  statistics  of  the  cotton  manufactures  in  12  States  in  1831, 
from  the  returns  made  by  the  assessors  in  the  various  towns  and 
cities  in  the  State  of  Massachusetts  in  obedience  to  a  law  passed  in  1837. 

The  apparent  incongruity  may  have  occurred  by  a  mistake  in  arrange- 
ment. But  there  are  errors  in  the  table  which  cannot  be  excused,  and 
indicate  that  it  was  made  up  from  random  estimates  without  proper  data. 

The  present  average  number  of  yarn  is  27  J  j  in  1831  it  was  not  prob- 
ably finer  than  No.  18.  The  present  average  consumption  of  cotton  per 
spindle  is  65  pounds  5  and  in  the  southern  States,  on  an  average  of  about 
No.  13  yarn,  it  is  138  pounds  per  spindle  each  year;  the  number  of  spin- 
dles employed  and  pounds  of  cotton  consumed  in  1831,  according  to  the 
table,  allow  only  62J  pounds  per  spindle,  or  less  than  the  present  rate ; 
spinning,  50  per  cent,  finer. 

The  difference  between  the  pounds  of  cotton  consumed  and  the  pounds 
of  cloth  and  yarn  produced  should  be  the  ;<  waste'7  in  working.  With 
medium  grades  of  cotton,  producing  medium  goods,  the  waste  now  would 
be  about  16  per  cent.  In  1831  it  was  probably  20  per  cent.  In  Mr.  De 
Bow's  table  the  waste  in  1831  was  shown  to  be,  in  New  Hampshire,  7J 
per  cent. ;  in  Maine,  10  per  cent.  5  in  New  York,  30  per  cent. ;  in-Penusyl- 


COTTON.  93 

vania,  40  per  cent. ;  in  New  Jersey,  67  per  cent. ;  in  Virginia,  85  per  cent. 
As  only  pounds  of  cloth  are  stated  in  the  table  for  production,  some 
allowances  should  be  made  for  yarn  produced  and  sold  unwoven ;  but 
this  would  furnish  a  correction  only  in  the  cases  of  excessive  waste,  for 
it  would  aggravate  the  error  when  the  waste  is  too  small  already ;  and 
then  Mr.  3}e  Bow  appends,  below  the  table  quoted,  another  one,  in  which 
he  gives  the  number  of  looms  employed  in  1831  as  33,433,  equal  to  one 
for  each  37  spindles,  quite  enough  to  weave  all  the  yarn  produced,  even 
if  the  waste  was  less. 


APPENDIX  K. 

LIST  OF  PRINCIPAL  EXHIBITORS  OF  COTTON  AND  OF  THE  AWARDS. 

ENGLAND — MANCHESTER  COTTON   SUPPLY  ASSOCIATION. 

The  collection  of  samples  of  cotton  from  the  localities  mentioned  in 
the  list  given  on  page  9,  was  made  and  exhibited  by  the  Manchester 
Cotton  Supply  Association.  It  comprised  samples  from  most  of  the 
cotton-producing  countries,  and  from  nearly  all  of  the  sources  mentioned 
in  the  catalogue  appended  to  the  report  of  the  International  Jury. — (See 
Appendix  L.) 

EXHIBITORS  FROM  THE   UNITED   STATES. 

ALABAMA,  STATE  OF. — Samples  of  cotton.    Silver  medal  and  honorable 

mention. 

HODGSON,  J.,  Alabama. 
HUMPHRIES,  JOHN  0.,  parish  of  Eapides,  Louisiana. — Samples  of  cotton. 

Bronze  medal. 
ILLINOIS  CENTRAL   EAILROAD   COMPANY. — Hemp,  flax,  cotton,  and 

tobacco.     Silver  medal. 
JOHNSON,  C.  G.,  New  Orleans,  Louisiana. — Specimen  of  cotton;  in  the 

Louisiana  cottage. 

MAGINNIS,  A.  A.,  New  Orleans,  Louisiana. — Cotton  seeds. 
MEYER,  VICTOR,  parish  of  Concordia,  Louisiana. — Sample  of  cotton. 

Gold  medal. 

MISSOURI,  STATE  OF. — Cotton,  hemp,  cashmere  wool. 
OGLESBY,  J.  H.,  New  Orleans,  Louisiana. 
TOWNSEND,  J.,  Edisto  Island,  South  Carolina. — Specimen  of  fine  sea 

island  cotton. 
TRAGER,  Louis,  Black  Hawk  Point,  Louisiana. — Samples  of  cotton. 

Gold  medal. 
WELLS,  J.  M.,  parish  of  Eapides,  Louisiana. 


94  PARIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 

EXHIBITORS  FROM  OTHER  COUNTRIES. 

We  have  not  space  to  name  in  detail  the  exhibitors  from  other  countries, 
who  were  very  numerous.  There  were  20  from  Greece;  35  from  Italy ; 
50  from  Turkey  and  other  parts  of  the  Ottoman  Empire  5  60  from  Algeria, 
(in  which  Kabyle  and  Arab  names  mingle  with  French  names;)  and 
goodly  numbers  from  Egypt,  Brazil,  British  India,  China,  Hawaii,  the 
South  American  Eepublics,  the  colonies  of  Spain,  Portugal,  England, 
France,  and  other  countries  in  Europe;  from  nearly  all  the  South  Sea 
islands,  Polynesia,  the  islands  of  the  Indian  ocean,  and  all  the  coasts  of 
Africa,  Asia,  &c. 

Contrasted  with  all  these,  the  samples  from  the  United  States  were 
insignificant  in  number  and  quality,  as  they  were  unworthy  to  represent 
the  principal  source  of  the  commercial  cotton  supply  of  the  world.  It 
must,  therefore,  have  been  rather  of  courtesy  than  of  right,  rather 
of  prior  knowledge  of  the  true  position  of  our  country  in  the  produc- 
tion of  cotton,  than  of  evidences  presented  at  the  Exposition,  that  such 
liberal  recognition  of  exhibitors  from  the  United  States  was  made  in 
the  distribution  of  recompenses. 

LIST    OF   AWARDS. 

[Exhibitors  of  long  staple  cotton  marked.*] 

GRAND  PRIZE. — To  Algeria,  Brazil,  -Egypt,  Ottoman  Empire,  British 
India,  Italy. 

GOLD  MEDALS.— To  L.  Trager,  Black  Hawk  Point,  Louisiana,  United 
States;  Victor  Meyer,  Concordia,  Louisiana,  United  States;  Masquelia 
fils  et  Cie.,  *  Saint  Denis  du  Sig.,  Algeria;  Towns,  *Brisbane,  Queens- 
land, Australia. 

SILVER  MEDALS. — To  Herzog,  *Oran,  (province  of)  Algeria;  L. 
Dacosta,*  Bio  Grande  du  Sud.,  Brazil ;  The  State  of  Alabama,  United 
States;  Sideri,  Naples,  Italy. 

BRONZE  MEDALS.— To  *Davis,  Queensland,  Australia;  to  *Dufourg, 
Biskra,  Algeria ;  to  *Fleury,  Heiinaya,  Algeria;  to*Ferre,  Oran,  Algeria; 
to  *Soarez  &  Cie,  Tahiti,  French  colonies;  to  *  Winter,  Guiana,  English 
colonies  ;  to  Davies,  Cumana,  Venezuela ;  to  J.  C.  Humphries,  Louisiana, 
United  States ;  to  Dodero,  Barcelona,  Spain ;  to  The  Baroness  Canio- 
rata,  Scorazzo,  Italy ;  to  Basetto  Fisola,  Venice,  Italy ;  to  Senoval, 
Porto  Rico,  Spanish  Antilles ;  to  Cabrera,  Porto  Rico,  Spanish  Antilles ; 

to  Ali  Pacha, ,  Egypt ;  to  Pic  aine,  Guadaloupe,  French  colonies  ; 

to  John  Proudfoot,  Bio  Grande,  Brazil. 

HONORABLE  MENTION. — To •* Winter,  Guiana,  English  colonies;  to 
*Bellecote,  Boue,  Algeria;  to  *Dante,  Oran,  Algeria ;  to  *Goulard,  Constan- 
tine,  Algeria;  to  *Guieysse,  Algiers,  Algeria;  to  *  Jacques,  Elezane,  Alge- 
ria ;  to  *Laquiere,  Boue,  Algeria ;  to  *Lescure,  <  )ran,  Algeria ;  to  * Vallier, 
Lac  Hall  oula,  Algeria;  to  *Viret,Dellys,  Algeria;  to  *Cordier,LaRassau- 
ta,  Algeria;  to  *Chuffart,Oued-el  Haleugh,  Algeria;  to  *Goussons,  Oued- 


COTTON.  95 

el-Haleugh,  Algeria;  to* Sebourt,  Saint-Denis-du-Sig.,  Algeria;  to*Sceurs 
Saint  Bernard,  Saint-Denis-du-Sig,  Algeria;  to*Hallaire,  Italy;  to*Bar- 
bolace,  Calabria  ;  to  *F.  L.  Davis,  Venezuela ;  to  *Panton,  Queensland, 
English  colonies  ;  to  *Orr,  Queensland,  English  colonies ;  to  *P.  F.  Fair- 
burn,  British  (iuiana,  English  colonies  ;  to  *Leroux,  Preville,  Martinique, 
French  colonies  ;  to  *Albert,  Preville,  Martinique,  French  colonies ;  to 
*Bonneville,  Guadaloupe,  French  colonies  ;  to  *Bonnet,  Guadaloupe, 
French  colonies ;  to  *Monegre,  Guadaloupe,  French  colonies ;  to  *Heil- 
niann,  Senegal,  French  colonies ;  to  *N'Gour  Coumba  N'Dar,  Senegal, 
French  colonies  ;  to  *  John  Gregor,  New  South  Wales,  English  colonies ; 
to  J.  L.  Michael,  New  South  Wales,  English  colonies ;  to  Ensworth, 
New  South  Wales,  English  colonies ;  to  O.  B.  Zanellia,  New  South 
Wales,  English  colonies  ;  to  Sub-Commission  of  Lecco,  Italy  ;  to 
Jourdou,  Naples,  Italy ;  to  Societe  Cipontine,  (Bro's  Menzini,)  Italy ;  to 
Don  Emmanuel  Lisi,  Italy  ;  to  Grossi,  Italy ;  'to  Gallozzi  Freres, 
Naples,  Italy ;  to  Gamier,  Duvivier,  Algeria ;  to  State  of  Alabama, 
United  States ;  to  Achinet  Bey,  Salonica,  Turkey ;  to  Adolphe  Kunge, 
Porto  Eico,  Brazil ;  to  Almeida,  Mossamedes,  Portuguese  colonies ;  to 
Botelho,  Novo  Rotundo,  Portuguese  colonies ;  to  Alvez,  Mozambique, 
Portuguese  colonies ;  to  Xavier,  Pangein,  Portuguese  colonies  ;  to  Count 
d'Audlau,  Martinique,  French  colonies  ;  to  Abbe  Granger,  Guadaloupe, 
French  colonies ;  to  Beauperthuy,  Guadaloupe,  French  colonies ;  to 
Goyriena,  French  Guiana,  French  colonies ;  to  Arda  d'Elteil,  Senegal, 
French  colonies  ;  to  Fritz  Kocchlin,  Senegal,  French  colonies ;  to 
Touaris  Freres,  Reunion,  French  colonies ;  to  Lopez  de  Oliveira,  Saint 
Paul,  Brazil;  to  Mavanhas,  Brazil;  to  Jose  Barboza,  Brazil;  to  Le 
Marechal  del  Duero,  Spain  ;  to  the  Viceroy,  Egypt  ;  to  Francois, 
Tournabene,  Catania,  Italy ;  to  Jardin  Botanique  de  Naples,  Italy ;  to 
Hortoles  fils,  Montpellier,  France;  to  Lacan,  Calvi,  France. 


96  PARIS   UNIVERSAL   EXPOSITION. 

APPENDIX  L. 

REPORT  UPON  THE  PRODUCTION  OF  COTTON. 

BY  M.  ENGEL  DOLLFUS,  MEMBER  OF  THE  INTERNATIONAL  JURY. 

[Translated  from  Volume  VI  of  the  "Rapports  du  Jury  International."  l~\ 

I.  PBODUCTION  AND   CONSUMPTION  OF  COTTON  BEFORE 
AND  AFTER  THE  WAR  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

It  would  be  difficult  to  find  in  the  annals  of  industry  a  situation  so 
threatening  and  perilous  as  that  whicl*  the  prospect  of  a  prolonged  war 
in  the  United  States  offered  to  industrial  Europe  in  the  year  1860. 

The  fate  of  the  most  important  of  our  industries  was  regarded  with 
increasing  anxiety  at  the  thought  of  seeing  the  almost  exclusive  sources 
of  cotton  supply  exhausted ;  especially  in  England,  where  the  manufac- 
ture of  cotton  employs  directly  400,000  to  500,000  persons  in  2,715  estab- 
lishments, containing  28,000,000  spindles  and  368,000  looms,  the  danger 
causing  preoccupations  of  the  gravest  nature  to  agitate  the  public  mind. 

Thought  had  been  given  many  times  to  the  terrible  contingency  of  a 
scarcity  of  this  raw  material.  The  continued  extension  of  its  consump- 
tion ;  the  possibility  of  a  conflict  with  the  United  States ;  the  conscious- 
ness of  a  dependence  so  exclusive,  which  might  chance  at  any  moment 
to  give  to  foreign  policy  a  direction  hardly  conformable  to  the  demands 
of  national  self-respect  ;  and  finally  a  very  active  desire  to  promote  colo- 
nial production,  and  particularly  that  of  India,  had,  since  1858,  led  Eng- 
land to  study  the  means  of  escaping  a  monopoly  which  might  become  a 
real  danger  to  that  country. 

These  sentiments  had  found  their  most  characteristic  expression  in  the 
formation  of  an  association  for  the  development  of  the  cultivation  of  cot- 
ton,2 (Cotton  Supply  Association  of  Manchester,}  a  vigilant  forerunner, 

1  It  is  the  cause  of  much  regret  that  by  a  series  of  misfortunes  I  was  deprived  of  the  vol- 
ume (sixieme)  of  the  "  Rapports  du  Jury  International  de  1'Exposition  Universelle  de  1867, 
a  Paris,"  which  contained  the  jury  report  upon  the  production  of  cotton,  while  writing  the 
report  of  our  commission  upon  that  topic,  and  did  not  see  it  until  my  work  had  gone  to  press. 
This  fact  will  explain,  what  otherwise  might  seem  discourteous,  the  absence  in  that  work  of 
all  reference  to  the  interesting  report  by  M.  Dollfus. 

For  the  satisfaction  of  our  readers,  especially  the  American  planters,  a  translation  of  the 
jury  report,  with  its  statistics,  is  here  given  almost  entire. — B.  F.  N. 

2  The  Cotton  Supply  Association  was  founded  in  1856.     Its  object,  to  use  its  own  expres- 
sion, is  to  develop  as  soon  as   possible,  and  by  all  sorts  of  means,  the  fitness  of  countries 
other  than  the  United  States  to  produce  cotton,  and  it  has  energetically  performed  this  duty. 
A  voluntary  subscription  to  meet  its  expenses  was  raised  for  1866-'67  to  42,000  francs,  which 
amount  was  expended  in  the  purchase  of    seeds  and  gins  for  distribution  in  the  distant 
countries  ;  in  the  printing  of  information  and  advice  to  planters  ;  in  the  getting-up  of  peti- 
tions to  obtain  or  hasten  the  construction  of  means  of  communication,  and  other  great  works 
in  India  ;  and  in  the  expenses  of  administration  and  correspondence. 

An  idea  can  be  formed  of  the  extent  of  the  relations  of  the  association  by  the  figures  of 


COTTON.  97 

possessing  in  the  highest  degree  the  energy,  the  capacity,  and  the  activity 
of  association,  produced  spontaneously  in  England,  when  great  difficul- 
ties are  to  be  conquered;  but  until  1860  they  had  not  obtained  " effect- 
ive" results,  because  public  opinion  was  but  partially  interested. 

It  is  difficult,  ^indeed,  to  make  foresight  concur  with  the  logic  of  eco- 
nomical laws,  when  applied  to  prediction  of  events  contingent,  or  at  least 
to  the  accidental.  The  most  justifiable  fears,  the  most  urgent  appeals 
had  to  remain  unheeded  in  view  of  the  moderate  cost  of  cotton  from  the 
United  States ;  based  upon  excellence  in  qualities,  advantage  of  prox- 
imity, and  the  habits  of  daily  exchange  mutually  favorable. 

The  crises  of  1861->65  found  England  and  the  continent  unprepared ; 
the  markets,  it  is  true,  held  over  large  stocks  from  the  two  most  produc- 
tive cotton  seasons  which  had  ever  occurred,1  but  were  without  visible 
resources  for  replacing  them. 

The  first  efforts  which  had  been  made  for  the  development  of  cotton 
culture  could  not  be  fruitful  in  important  results.  Yery  rarely  had  the 
stocks  in  the  ports  been  more  considerable,2  and  the  uncertainties 
relative  to  the  duration  of  the  strife,  the  inexperience  in  the  matters  of 
culture,  the  habit  of  dependence  upon  another  routine,  and  the  very 
natural  idea  that  the  most  favorable  lands  for  cotton-growing  had  been 
already  occupied,  could  not  fail  to  be  the  attendants  of  this  beginning. 

Changes  of  crops  and  methods  of  culture  are  accomplished  very  slowly 
and  with  caution ;  they  are  consequently  unfit  to  satisfy  new  and  sudden 
wants.  Besides,  the  culture  of  cotton  is  one  of  the  most  delicate ;  there 
are  few  plants  which  have  so  many  enemies;  there  are  few  which  depend 
so  much  upon  the  experience  of  the  planter,  the  climate,  and  the  nature 
of  the  soil.  What  more  natural  than  the  hesitations  which  marked  the 
years  1861  and  1862? 

The  years  1863  and  1864  witnessed  more  commendable  and  more  deci- 
sive efforts  everywhere ;  industry,  in  spite  of  its  distress,  found  capital 
available  for  the  promotion  of  cotton-planting  and  for  advances  to  plant- 
ers. Companies  were  formed,  but  these  attempts,  very  limited  in  view 
of  the  object  sought  to  be  obtained,  and  impeded  by  divers  circum- 
stances, attained  nowhere  a  magnitude  to  compensate  for,  or  neutralize 
the  effects  of,  the  enormous  deficiency  which  existed  in  the  supply  from 

J,140  letters  and  appeals  for  information  received  in  1867,  from  the  following  countries: 
India,  Java,  New  South  Wales,  Queensland,  Feeie,  Friendly  islands,  Navigators'  islands, 
Hayti,  Jamaica,  Montserrat,  Tobago,  and  other  parts  of  the  West  Indies  ;  Brazil,  Argentine 
Republic,  Peru,  and  other  parts  of  South  and  Central  America;  English  Caffraria,  Cape 
Coast,  Algeria,  Syria,  Egypt,  Bursa,  Belgrade,  Beyroot,  Constantinople,  Smyrna,  Cyprus, 
Latakia,  Bagdad,  Scutari,  Jaffa,  Caiffu,  Greece,  Ionian  islands,  Russia,  Trieste,  Vienna, 
Genoa,  Turin,  Naples,  Terranova  ;  that  is  to  say,  its  relations  embrace  the  whole  world 

1  Crop  of  the  United  States,  1859-'60 4,662,000  bales. 

Crop  of  the  United  States,  1860-'61 3, 656, 000  bales. 

2  Stocks  in  the  ports  : 

Fnd  nf  thP  n  5  Ports  in  America,  September  1,    1859-'60 1,472,000  bales. 

End  of  the  season,  .Q  EuropCj  Ocrtober  tj   1860-'61 1 ,  1 02, 000  bales. 


98 


PARIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 


the  United  States.  We  then  saw  the  prices  of  cotton,  after  a  short 
period  of  hesitation,  rise  successively  under  the  impulse  of  immense 
speculations,  since  dearly  expiated,  and  attain  their  highest  range  in 
October  >  1863,  at  the  price  of  29J  pence  (or  3.09  f.1)  per  pound  for  mid- 
dling New  Orleans  at  Liverpool,  and  3.85  f.  for  bas  Louisiana  at  Havre — 
that  is  to  say,  prices  more  than  four  times  their  normal  value. 

Here  are  shown  the  fluctuations  or  average  prices  in  each  year  of  New 
Orleans  middling  cotton  at  Liverpool,  according  to  Messrs.  Hollings- 
head  &  Co. : 

From  October  1  to  September  30. 


Years. 

Francs  per 
kilog. 

Pence  per 
pound. 

Years. 

Francs  per 
kilog. 

Pence  per 
pound. 

1853-54  

1  30 

5  60 

1861  '62 

3  43 

14  81 

1854  '55 

1  31 

5  63 

1862  '63 

5  34 

23  04 

1855-'56 

1  39 

6 

1863  '64 

6  67 

28  3* 

]856-'57.. 

1  80 

7  go 

1864  '65 

4  73 

20  47 

1857-'58  

1  65 

7  14 

1865-'66 

4  06 

17  53 

1858-'59  

1  63 

7  03 

1866  '67 

2  98 

12  85 

]859  '60 

1  53 

6  61 

1867   (October) 

1  97 

8  50 

1«60-'61. 

1  77 

7  68 

See,  again,  the  extreme  prices  of  bas  Louisiana  in  Havre  at  different 
periods : 

Approximate  prices  per  50  kilograms  at  Havre. 


Years. 

Lowest,  in 
francs. 

Highest,  in 
francs. 

Years. 

Lowest,  in 
francs. 

Highest,  in 
francs. 

1860  

82 

103 

1864 

310 

382 

1861  

94 

150 

1865 

190 

343 

1862  

145 

160 
IbU 

1866 

165 

257 

1863  

245 

385 

It  does  not  come  within  the  scope  of  this  note  to  develop  the  gradual 
and  fatal  consequences  of  an  increase  of  price  without  precedent,  plac- 
ing the  calicoes  and  prints  of  the  working  classes  at  the  high  prices 
heretofore  held  by  the  finest  tissues,  inverting  old  relations  by  making 
Liverpool  a  market  of  supply  for  American  manufacturers,2  quadrupling 
the  cost  while  unsettling  the  value  of  products,  and  monopolizing  among 
the  most  privileged  the  inadequate  resources  available  for  preventing 
the  partial  or  complete  stoppage  of  thousands  of  industrial  establish- 
ments. 

1  One  has  to  look  back  to  18J4  to  find  in  England  the  price  of  30  pence  (or  3.15 f.)  and  to 
1806  in  France  to  find  that  of  5  francs  the  kilogram. 

2  Re-exportation  of  cotton  from  Liverpool  to  the  United  States  and  Canada,  1863  :  Ameri- 
can, 3,580,050  kilograms.     Indian,  and  others,  2,937,150  kilograms.     Total,  6,517,200  kilo- 
grams. 


COTTON.  99 

TUe  phases  of  this  crisis  belong  to  the  history  of  cotton  manufacture, 
and  we  will  notice  only  two  features — the  admirable  resignation  of  the 
working  class,  deprived  of  work  for  want  of  cotton,  and  the  brotherly 
assistance  bestowed  in  England1  and  France  by  all  classes  of  society; 
the  remarkable  bearing  of  French  industry,  and  particularly  that  of 
Alsace,-  which  has  known  how  to  keep  constant  activity  in  its  work- 
shops. 

The  object  sought  by  our  work  should  be  to  state  the  quantity  of  cot- 
ton available  to-day  for  the  general  market  in  comparison  with  that 
received  in  1860-'(>1,  before  the  war  in  the  United  States,  and  to  deter- 
mine, for  each  producing  country  of  ancient  or  modern  date,  the  part 
which  it  has  contributed  to  the  general  supply  during  the  last  six  years. 
We  shall  seek  to  establish  these  figures  and  complete  them,  by  a  com- 
p.irisoii  of  the  respective  qualities  and  an  exhibit  of  the  prices  at  dif- 
ferent epochs  of  the  exceptional  period  that  we  have  under  considera- 
tion. Before  all  we  should  make  reservations  as  to  the  relative  signifi- 
cation of  some  of  our  tables.  Let  it  be  understood  that  the  quantities 
absorbed  by  consumption  are  not  equal  to  the  quantities  produced,  as 
expressed  in  statements  of  the  crops. 

It  is  admitted  that  no  positive  idea  exists  of  the  actual  production 
of  cotton  in  India,  the  estimates  of  statisticians  differing  widely,  some 
being  twice  as  large  as  others.  The  consumption  of  that  country  itself 
is  immense,  and  this  consumption  varies  according  to  the  price.  The 
same  facts  are  repeated  in  the  Levant  on  a  more  limited  scale.  Italy 
itself,  so  near  us,  does  not  give  the  exact  figure  of  its  production.  Eus- 
sia  imports  a  certain  quantity  of  cotton  overland  from  Asia. 

On  the  other  hand,  to  avoid  the  arbitrary  estimates  habitually  given 
of  the  consumption  in  the  American  manufactories,  we  have  for  many 
years  vainly  Bought  to  obtain  the  number  of  spindles  worked  in  the 
United  States.  Hitherto  unable  to  obtain  this  information,  we  were 
upon  the  eve  of  the  decennial  census,  which  perhaps  would  have  in- 
structed us,  when  the  war  broke  out.  Under  these  circumstances  atten- 
tion ought  to  be  fixed  less  upon  the  production  of  the  world  than  upon 
the  importation  in  Europe.  We  will  make  it  the  basis  of  our  deductions. 

The  English  statistics  and  those  so  remarkable  which  M.  Ott  Triim- 
pler,  of  Zurich,  communicates  so  liberally  to  his  friends,  and  of  which 
we  have  made  great  use,  are  made  out  in  bales  of  average  number  of 
pounds.  We  have  adopted  the  same  units,  which  will  be  converted  into 
kilograms  in  all  cases  where  this  conversion  will  ofter  special  interest. 

1  In  England,  where  the  factories  were  sooner  and  more  generally  stopped,  457,000  work- 
ers received  help  before  the  end  of  1863. 

2  Forget  not,  especially,  that  if  so  many  establishments  in  Alsace  and  other  places  were 
enabled,  not  without  great  sacrifices,  to  be  exceptions  to  the  common  rule  by  continuing 
full  work,  it  was  only  by  the  aid  of  the  raw  material  left  at  their  disposal  by  the  equal 
standing  still  of  other  wheels  of  industry. 


100 


PARIS    UNIVERSAL   EXPOSITION. 


Here  follows  the  average  of  weights  by  pounds    according  to  the 
Liverpool  brokers,  (the  English  pound  equal  to  0.4531  kilograms :) 1 

Average  weight  of  bales  of  cotton. 


1861. 

1865-'66. 

1866-'67. 

Lbs.  Eng. 

Kilo. 

Lbs.  Eng. 

Kilo. 

Lbs.  Eng. 

Kilo. 

438 
493 
440 
499 
338 
180 
430 
380 

198i 
223£ 
1994-  • 
226 
153  J 
81J 
195 
172 

423 

160 
492 
375 
240 
230 

191J 

Ilk 
223 
170 
109 
104 

441 

174 

490 
370 
326 
230 

200 

79 
222 
167* 

147* 
104 

Mobile              -  

Florida 

Brazil 

Egypt 

East  Indies.    

Other  sorts  .  

200 

90^ 

Average  weights  of  all  sorts  imported  into  England. 

Pounds.  Kilograms. 

1859 421  190.75 

1860 421  190.75 

1861 415  188. 

1865-'66 365  165.35 

1866->67 371  168.10 

Having  these  preliminaries  adjusted  we  can  proceed  to  our  inquiry, 
applying  it  directly  to  the  sorts  other  than  those  of  the  United  States. 

II.— COTTONS  OTHER  THAN  THOSE  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

GENERAL  IMPORTATION  INTO  EUROPE.     * 

Two  season^  before  the  American  war,  (seasons  from  1st  October  to 
30th  September:) 


Bales 
in  1859-'60. 

Bales 
in  1860-'61. 

Cotton  from  India                                                                                           

700,  000 

782,  000 

292  000 

276  000 

Total 

992  000 

1  058  000 

*  These  cottons  were  principally  those  of  Brazil  and  West  Indies,  including  a  small  portion  irom  Hayti, 
Central  America,  and  the  South  Seas. 

Average  of  the  two  years,  1,025,000  bales. 

In  the  face  of  a  consumption  which  was  then  more  than  4,000,000 
bales,  the  figures  of  292,000  and  276,000  bales,  averaging  284,000  bales, 
presented  but  a  feeble  interest.  Let  us  see  what  they  have  become  : 


1  These  are  the  figures  given  in  the  original, 
equivalent  of  the  avoirdupois  pound. 


It  is  usual  to  regard  0.4536  kilograms  as  the 


COTTON.  ,  .,,,-,  .,.-,  ,  1Q1 

General  importation  into  Europe  of  the  same  sorts : 
Importation,  by  bales,  into  Europe. 

Bales  Bales 

in!865-'66.  in  1866-'67. 

Cotton  from  India 1,992,000  1,524,000 

Cottonfrom  Brazil 518,000  481,000 

Cotton  from  China  and  Japan 19,000  9,000 

Cotton  from  Egypt 248,000  228,000 

Other  sorts,  from  Turkey,  Italy,  West  Indies,  Central  America,  South  Seas,  Persia, 

Algeria,  and  Africa 397,000  359,000 

Total 3, 174, 000  2,  601,  OCO 


r^is  -.UNIVERSAL   EXPOSITION. 


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COTTON.  103 

The  report  of  the  jury  of  the  Exposition  at  London  estimated  as  fol- 
lows the  consumption  of  Europe  in  1860-'61 : 
Imported  from — 

Kilograms. 

United  States 716, 000,  000 

East  Indies 92,  000, 000 

Egypt 27,  000, 000 

West  Indies 10, 000,  000 

Other  sorts 5, 000, 000 


850,  000,  000 

or  4,388,000  bales,  averaging,  at  188  kilograms,  825,000,000  kilograms 
only. 

We  proceed  to  put  in  comparison  the  European  consumption  in 
1861-'62  and  1862-763,  the  years  when  the  least  American  was  used  and 
when  consumption  fell  to  its  lowest  point. 

Consumption  1861->62,  (applying  the  average  weights  of  1861  in  the 
absence  of  others :) 

Kilograms. 

From  the  United  States. . .       562,  000  bales,  at  192  kil. . .  107,  900,  000 

From  India,  (East) 1,  090,  000  bales,  at  172  kil ...  187, 500, 000 

From  Egypt 164, 000  bales,  at  195  kil ...  32, 000,  000 

From  Brazil 122, 000  bales,  at    82  kil ...  10,  000, 000 

Other  sorts 55,  000  bales,  at    90  kil ...  5,  000, 000 

1,  993,  000  bales 342, 400,  000 

Consumption,  1862->63 : 

Kilograms. 

From  the  United  States. . .  133, 000  bales,  at  192  kil ...  25,  500, 000 

From  East  Indies 1, 464,  000  bales,  at  172  kil ...  251,  800,  000 

From  Egypt 227, 000  bales,  at  195  kil ...  44, 200, 000 

From  Brazil 160,  000  bales,  at    82  kil ...  13, 100, 000 

Other  sorts 162, 000  bales,  at    90  kil...  14,600,000 


2, 146, 000  bales 349, 200, 000 


See  again  the  figures  of  1866-'67,  which  indicate  a  well-marked  turn 
back  to  the  normal  situation : 

Kilograms. 

From  the  United  States ...  1, 548, 000  bales,  at  200 .......  309,  600,  000 

From  the  Indies 1, 592, 000  bales,  at  167£ 286,  600, 000 

From  Egypt 315,  000  bales,  at  222 47,  700, 000 

From  Brazil 450, 000  bales,  at    79 35,500,000 

Other  sorts 342, 000  bales,  at  104. . . '.. .  35,  600, 000 


4, 14?,  000  bales,  or 695,  000, 000 

at  168  kilograms,  average  would  be  696,700,000  kilograms. 

To  complete  this  statistical  exhibit,  without  pretending  to  be  rigor- 
ously exact,  which  is  impossible,  but  at  least  with  a  sufficient  degree  of 


V       ,;, 

104 


PARIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 


approximation,  .we  will  give  here  the  analysis  of  the  368,000  bales  of 
other  kinds  than  those  of  the  following  countries  :  America,  the  Indies, 
Brazil  and  Egypt,  imported  to  Europe  from  the  1st  October,  1866,  to  the 
30th  September,  1867,  viz :  Importations  in  England,  153,000  bales  ; 
importations  direct  to  the  continent,  225,000  bales  5  total  378,000  bales, 
from  which  to  deduct  10,000  bales  re-exported  from  the  continent  to 
England.  (-The  cottons  of  Naples  and  Sicily,  which  remain  in  the  places 
of  production,  or  which  went  to  other  parts  of  Italy  by  Genoa  and  Leg- 
horn, do  not  appear  in  this  table.) 

IMPORTATIONS  INTO  EUROPE,   1866-767. 

Analysis  of  the  368,000  bales  of  other  sorts. 


From  — 

Ports  of 
England. 

French 
ports. 

Other  ports 
of  the  con- 
tinent. 

From  — 

Ports  of 
England. 

French 
ports. 

Other  ports 
of  the  con- 
tinent. 

Peru 

Bales. 
53  000 

Bales. 
J4,  000 

Bales. 

Algiers  

Bales. 

Bales. 
4  000 

Bales. 

Central  America 

43,  000 

20,  000 

44  000 

China  and  Japan 

19,  000 

28  OdD 

77  000 

58  000 

Italy 

6  000 

2  000 

Total 

143  000 

121  000 

104  000 

From  the  preceding  tables  we  have  the  following  results : 

1.  That  the  total  consumption  of  Europe,  stated  at  850,000,000  of 
kilograms  for  1860-'61,  is  reduced,  by  the  effect  of  high  prices,  to 
349,000,000  kilograms  in  1862-'63,  and  to  342,000,000  kilograms  for 
1861-'62,  which,  taking  the  average  of  these  two  quantities,  shows  a 
diminution  of  505,000,000  of  kilograms,  or  nearly  60  per  centum  of  the 
consumption    in   the  normal  year  1860-'61.      It  has  again   risen   to 
694,000,000  for  the  year  1866-'67,  which  shows  a  diminution  yet  of 
156,000,000  of  kilograms,  or  18  percentum  below  that  of  1860-'61. 

2.  That  the  quantities  which  have  been  contributed  to  the  general 
supply  by  the  countries  formerly  productive  and  those  of  new  and  acci- 
dental culture  during  the  two  years  since  the  war,  1865-'66and  1866-'67, 
amounted  to  only  31  per  cent,  of  the  consumption  during  the  two  nor- 
mal years  1859-?60  and  1860-'61  before  the  war,  thus : 

Countries  formerly  producing  cotton — 

•  Kilograms. 

20    per  cent.,  India 169,  500, 000 

3    per  cent,  Brazil 27,  000,  000 

3J  per  cent,  Egypt 29, 500,  000 

226,  000,  000 

Countries  newly  producing — 
4J  per  cent 38,  000,  000 

Total , 264, 000, 000 


••• 


COTTON.  105 

or  31  per  cent,  of  the  consumption  in  the  normal  year  l£60-?61,  of  which 
26J  per  cent,  from  old  cotton-producing  countries,  4J  per  cent,  from 
countries  where  the  culture  is  accidental  or  wholly  new..  .  " 

It  should  be  noted  that  we  have  included  among  the  countries  of  acci- 
dental or  irregular  culture  the  Levant,  Italy,  Malta,  Persia,  West  Indies, 
Algeria,  Spain  even,  and  many  other  countries  which,  before  the  seces- 
sion war,  contributed  their  quota,  more  or  less,  according  to  the  course 
of  the  day,  to  the  supply  of  the  European  markets. 

A  more  minute  analysis  exhibiting  the  extent  of  the  temporary  capa- 
city of  supply  by  the  countries  not  usually  productive,  and  the  rank  of 
those  (other  than  the  United  States,  India,  Brazil  and  Egypt)  which 
contributed  to  the  supply  of  the  368,000  bales  imported  into  Europe  in 
1866-'67,  is  given  in  the  official  table,  placed  in  the  order  following : 

Bales 

Turkey,  Greece,  Persia,  Malta,  Italy,  &c 171, 000 

West  Indies  and  Central  America 107,  000 

Peru 67,  000 

China  and  Japan 19,  000 

Algeria 4,  000 


368,  000 

which  arrangement  assigns  to  the  Levant  the  first  rank  among  the 
countries  of  secondary  production. 

To  sum  up,  we  find  that  British  India  has  brought  the  most  effective 
aid  to  Europe  in  her  distress,  and  that  this  aid,  or  excess  of  their  usual 
exportation,  has  only  been  the  equivalent  of  20  per  cent,  of  the  normal 
consumption  of  Europe,  the  remaining  11  per  cent,  being  furnished  in 
three  nearly  equal  parts  by  Brazil,  Egypt,  and  the  countries  where  cot- 
ton culture  is  new. 

This  proves,  in  the  matter  of  cotton-growing,  that  if  the  productive 
faculties  seem  to  be  in  some  sort  indefinite  with  the  stimulant  of  high 
prices  and  the  infinite  areas  which  remain  accessible  to  this  culture,  time 
(that  is  to  say,  a  sustained  confidence  in  the  maintenance  of  these  high 
prices  and  the  delays  inseparable  from  a  culture  both  difficult  and  touch- 
ing, under  certain  relations  to  industry,  the  important  process  of  clean- 
ing from  seed)  is  an  element  with  which  it  is  necessary  to  reckon — more, 
even,  than  with  the  success  of  the  plant  itself  and  that  which  it  will 
always  carry,  whatever  may  be  done — the  inevitable  hindrances  to  the 
restoration  of  an  equilibrium  too  rudely  broken. 

III.— STATISTICS  OF  PEODUCIKG  COUOTKIES. 

In  the  second  part  of  this  report  we  shall  follow  summarily  the  coun- 
tries which  are  the  principal  producers  of  cotton,  in  the  different  phases 
of  their  culture,  before  and  after  the  war,  in  giving,  with  the  indications 
of  the  prices  of  these  last  years,  some  details  upon  the  qualities  of  the 
products. 
8  C 


106 


PARIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 


A  general  table,  recapitulating  the  production  for  these  last  years  of 
cotton  dearth,  will  end  our  work. 


UNITED   STATES, 


The  American  statistics  have  naturally  been  interrupted  by  the  war. 

We  borrow  the  following  figures,  which  offer  some  interest  in  spite  of 

the  vacancies,  from  the  Circular  of  Mr.  Win.  P.  Wright,  of  New  York : 

Statistics  of  production  and  consumption  in  the  United  States. 


Apparent 
crop. 

Consumption 
in  the  north. 

Consumption 
elsewhere. 

Total  consump- 
tion    in     the 
United  States. 

1866  '67 

Bales. 
1,  9951,  988 

Bales. 
*  573,  367 

Bales. 
280,  672 

Bales. 
854,  039 

1865  '66                                                 

2,  151,  043 

540,  652 

126,  640 

667,  292 

1860  '61 

3  786  986 

650  557 

193  383 

843,  740 

1859  '60 

4  675  770 

762,  521 

185,  522 

978,  043 

*Mr.  Wright's  figures  follow  the  tables  of  the  New  York  Shipping  List,  which,  in  its  division  of  the  Ameri- 
can consumption  in  1866-'67,  erred  by  assigning  to  the  northern  consumption  135,000  bales  less  than  the  actual, 
and  a  corresponding  excess  to  the  consumption  elsewhere.  — B.  F.  N. 

By  these  figures  it  may  be  seen  what  a  terrible  shock  the  American 
culture  received  (Mien,  they  say,  to  500,000  bales  for  1863-'64,  and 
300,000  for  1864-'65)  since  the  crop  formerly  supplied  an  annual  average 
of  4,000,000  bales ;  that  it  attained  in  1866-767  to  only  2,000,000  of  bales, 
and  that  it  is  estimated  at  only  500,000  bales  more  for  the  following 
season. 

Let  us  state  that  the  beautiful  long  staples  of  Georgia  have  wholly 
disappeared  from  the  market.  The  classes  1,  2,  3,  are  completely  ex- 
hausted, and  as  the  islands  of  Georgia  and  Carolina,  alone  capable  of 
producing  the  most  beautiful  kinds,  have  been  from  the  first  devastated 
throughout,  it  is  probable  that  the  fine  specimens,  results  of  a  culture 
wholly  artificial  and  of  seed  selected  of  the  best,  year  after  year,  will  not 
be  restored  for  two  or  three  years.  The  manufacture  has,  however, 
known  how  to  satisfy  its  necessities  by  spinning  the  grades  less  fine;  but 
the  prices,  80  to  100  pence  the  pound  English,  (24  francs  the  gross  kilo- 
gram,) paid  for  the  choice  Georgia  sea  island  cotton,  will  not  the  less 
remain  a  testimony  of  an  unheard-of  and  exceptional  penury. 

BRITISH  INDIA. 

A  memorial  address  by  the  Cotton  Supply  Association  of  Manchester 
gives  the  following  details:  the  sum  paid  to  India  for  cotton  has  risen 
from  less  than  88,000,000  francs  in  1860  to  more  than  705,600,000  francs 
in  1864 ;  more  than  630,000,000  francs  were  paid  to  India  in  1865,  arid 
more  than  636,000,000  in  1866. 


COTTON. 
Here  we  give  the  comparison  of  productions : 

GREAT  BRITAIN  ONLY. 

Five  years  before  the  war. 


107 


Year. 

Importation. 

Official  value. 

15(56                       

Bales. 
463,  OCO 
680,  500 
361,  000 
510,  700 
563,  200 

Pounds. 
3,  572,  000 
5,  458,  000 
2,  970,  000 
3,  939,  000 
3,  373,  000 

Francs. 
89,  300,  000 
136,  450,  000 
74,  250,  000 
98,  475,  000 
84,  325,  000 

jg57                                                            

1858 

1859                                                   

I860                              

3,  862,  000 

96,  575,  000 

Five  years  following  the  beginning  of  the  war. 


i86i                 .      .      ..       

Importation. 

Official  value. 

Bales. 
986,  000 
1,072,439 
1,223,700 
1,  399,  500 
1,  266,  520 



Pounds. 
9,  459,  000 
22,042,000  ; 
34,700,661 
38,214,723 
25,  005,  856  | 

25.884.646  i 

Francs. 
261,  475,  000 
551,  050,  000 
867,  516,  525 
955,  368,  075 
625,  146,  400 

647.116.150 

1862                         

1863 

1864 

1865 

Makiner  an  annual  average  of.  .  . 

Prices  were  quoted  as  follows  at  Liverpool  for  fair  Dhollera,  (Hollins- 
head's  Circular)  for  the  kilogram,  and  in  francs :  1859-'60,  0.46  francs ; 
1860->61,  0.57 francs;  1861-?62, 1.03 francs;  1862->63, 1.83 francs ;  1863-'64, 
2.45  francs ;  1864-'65,  1.47  francs ;  1865-'66,  1.42  francs ;  1866-'67,  1.06 
francs. 

According  to  the  Annales  clu  Commerce  Exterieur^  the  importations  of 
India  cottons  direct  to  France  have  been,  in — 

Metrical  tons, 

1860 1,828 

1861 2,407 

1862 2,989 

1863 9,339 

1864 12,617 

1865 9,645 

Added  to  which  should  be  all  the  cotton  (Indian)  received  from  London, 
from  Liverpool,  and  by  transit  for  Switzerland  and  the  Zollverein,  the 
figures  of  which  we  have  not  at  hand. 


108 


PARIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 


Of  cotton  from  India  consumed. 


By    all 
Europe. 

By     Eng- 
laDd. 

By  the  con- 
tinent. 

1859    60 

Bales. 
592  000 

Bales. 
207  000 

Bales. 
385  000 

1862  '63 

1  464  000 

905  000 

559  000 

18G6-'67                                          .           

1  592  000 

815  000 

777  000 

The  samples  of  cotton  from  the  Indies,  grown  from  American  and 
Egyptian  seed,  have,  in  several  experiments,  proved  that  with  more  care 
and  better  processes  of  culture,  India  can  realize  vast  progress  in  the 
improvement  of  qualities. 

A  considerable  step  has  been  taken  in  many  districts ;  they  will  be 
still  more  decisive  because  of  the  appointment  of  agricultural  commis- 
sioners who  know  the  language  of  the  country  and  the  character  of  the 
natives.  Already  the  government  of  India  has  named  one  for  the  dis- 
tricts of  the  central  provinces  and  the  Berars,  and  it  is  a  question  of 
extending  the  same  measure  to  the  presidency  of  Madras,  including 
Coimbatore,  and  at  Scinde  for  the  parts  more  to  the  north. 

English  industry,  by  its  variety  of  manufactures,  has,  more  than  that 
of  France,  the  opportunity  to  use  profitably  the  cottons  of  India  in  their 
imperfect  state,  as  well  as  when  properly  cleaned,  as  they  may  appear 
in  market ;  however,  thanks  to  improved  machinery,  a  rapid  and  con- 
siderable progress  has  at  the  same  time  been  made  in  our  country  in  the 
use  of  these  common  sorts,  and  we  believe  that  their  use  advantageously 
acquired  will  continue,  and,  to  a  certain  degree,  aid  the  establishments 
producing  coarse  fabrics. 

[The  remainder  of  the  section  treating  of  the  cotton  culture  in  India 
is  devoted  to  a  description  of  the  public  works  for  irrigation — "  Grands 
travaux  d'irrigation" — and  an  enthusiastic  statement  of  their  actual  and 
possible  benefits  for  both  transportation  and  irrigation.  Want  of  space 
compels  its  omission  here.] 

EGYPT. 

The  importation  of  this  excellent  sort  of  cotton,  suitable  for  the  spinning 
of  numbers  of  yarn,  fine  and  half  fine,  (from  50  to  120)  but  often  used  for 
medium  numbers,  (28  to  40,)  in  consequence  of  the  scarcity  of  American 
cotton,  had  been  as  follows  in  Europe  before  the  war : 

Bales. 

1856-'57 204,000 

1857-'58 124,000 

1858-'59 159,000 

1859-'60 266,000 

Annual  average  188,250  bales,  of  430  pounds  English,  (195  kilo- 
gram s)=36,660,000  kilograms. 


COTTON.  109 

We  have  seen  the  consumption  of  Europe  raised  successively  to — 

Bales. 

1862-?63 227,000 

1863->64 124,000 

1864-V>,j 374,000 

of  490  pounds,  English,  (222  kilograms)  83,000,000  kilograms. 

England  is  said  to  have  received  365,000  hundred-weight,  English,  in 
1861,  or  18,250,000  kilograms,  against  1,580,000  hundred -weight,  English, 
in  1865,  or  79,000,000  kilograms. 

These  remarkable  results  were  due  to  the  natural  richness  of  the  soil, 
and  to  the  propitious  measures  decreed  by  the  Viceroy ;  exemption  from 
contributions  for  the  new  lands  devoted  to  the  culture  of  cotton,  gifts  of 
seeds,  grants  of  the  use  of  the  steam-ploughs  and  other  perfected  agricul- 
tural machines,  employment  of  better  gins,  all  had  been  put  to  work  for 
the  encouragement  of  this  cultivation.  But  it  is  only  necessary  to  say 
that  the  first  power  moving  this  important  increase  had  been,  there  as 
elsewhere,  the  high  price  of  this  raw  material.  FairEgyptain  ("jumel 
fair")  which  was  worth  in  Liverpool,  the  principal  market  for  its  import- 
ation, 1  franc  96  centimes  the  kilogram  in  January,  1861,  rose  to  6  francs 
80  centimes  in  October,  1863.  There  was  in  this  extraordinary  advance 
a  premium  which  could  not  but  stimulate  the  production ;  it  has  been 
indeed  greatly  developed,  but  it  would  have  been  much  more  so  without 
the  epidemic  which  ravaged  the  country  in  1865-766. 

The  quality  of  the  staple  varies  from  one  season  to  another,  and 
depends  much  in  the  whole  crop  upon  the  general  conditions  that  may 
favor  or  impede  the  plant  to  the  time  of  its  maturity ;  the  finer  and 
higher  the  quality  sought  to  be  produced,  the  more  it  is  subject  to  these 
variations.  With  this  reservation  it  may  be  admitted  that,  contrary  to 
what  often  happens,  the  extension  of  this  culture  and  coincideutly  that 
of  the  relative  production  by  "  feddan,"  the  agrarian  measure  (or  divis- 
ion of  lands)  of  Egypt  have  not  impaired  the  quality  of  cotton  there. 
The  effect  of  the  epidemic  in  1865-?66  was  shown  in  the  temporary  low- 
ering of  the  quality;  but  on  the  other  hand,  the  perfected  cotton-gins  of 
Platt  had  given  to  consumption  a  better  cleaned  material  properly 
handled,  (that  is,  without  broken  staples;  and  the  use  of  these  gins  is 
made  so  common  by  the  erection  of  vast  establishments  for  their  con- 
struction, that  the  McCarthy  gin  is  no  longer  found  in  market,)  which 
indicates  for  this  operation  a  marked  superiority  over  the  same  grade 
cleaned  by  the  Egyptian  mill  or  by  the  roller  gin,  these  means  of  clean- 
ing the  cotton  from  the  seed  being  now  the  exception. 

BRAZIL. 

We  designate  under  this  generic  name  cottons  of  diverse  qualities  and 
values,  which,  by  the  use  of  different  methods  of  cleaning  from  the  seed, 
are  rendered  even  more  dissimilar  in  market.  Taking  the  crops  through- 
out, the  cotton  of  Brazil  (the  types  of  which  have  heretofore  been  repre- 


110  PARIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 

sented  by  the  Bahia  and  Pernambuco  cottons)  have  rather  depreciated 
in  value.  One  seldom  fears  to  employ  the  saw- gin  to  obtain  a  mistaken 
economy  from  the  expenses  of  cleaning  saved,  and  a  larger  net  weight, 
without  ceasing,  on  the  other  hand,  to  leave  in  the  cotton,  as  cleaned  by 
other  processes,  a  certain  proportion  of  seeds  which  the  buyer  takes  for 
cotton.  We  hope  this  last  abuse  will  cease. 

The  sorts  of  Brazilian  cotton  which  come  upon  the  European  markets, 
are  the  Aracati,  Bahia,  Ceara,  Camouchi,  Pernambuco,  Parahyba,  Minas, 
Maceio,  Maranham,  Para,  Eio  Grande. 

The  price  before  the  war  was  8J  to  9  pence,  or  l.Tofr.  to  2.10fr.  the  kilo- 
gram. 

The  price  at  the  moment  of  highest  cost  was  29  pence,  or  6.70fr.  the 
kilogram. 

Before  the  war  Europe  received  only  the  following  quantities  from 
Brazil : 


1856-57 165,000  bales. 

1857-58 124,000  bales. 


1859-60 127,000  bales. 

1860-61 . . .  t 96,000  bales. 


1858-59 116,000  bales. 

of  180  pounds,  or  81.5  kilograms  each=:7,SOO,000  kilograms. 

The  consumption  of  these  cottons,  (of  which  England  has  taken  two- 
thirds,)  under  the  force  of  circumstances,  has  risen  successively  to — 


1861-62 122,000  bales. 

1862-63 160,000  bales. 

1863-64 208,000  bales. 


1864-65 324,000  bales. 

1865-66 423,000  bales. 

1866-67 450,000  bales. 


of  174  pounds,  or  79  kilograms  each=35,500,000  kilograms. 

It  has,  then,  more  than  quadrupled. 

The  whole  of  the  vast  territory  of  the  Brazilian  empire  is  suitable  to 
the  culture  of  cotton ;  but  it  is  chiefly  the  south  (albeit  it  is  the  north 
which  now  exports)  which  supplies  the  finest  qualities,  of  which  that  of 
Eio  Grande  should  be  cited  before  all.  It  is  agreed  by  all  that  this  cul- 
ture is  susceptible  of  an  immense  development. 

OTHER   SOURCES   OF    PRODUCTION. 

A  quantity  of  368,000  bales,  or  in  weight  4J  per  cent,  of  the  850,000,000 
kilograms  of  cotton  which  Europe  consumed  in  1860-761 — such  is  the 
account  of  what  has  been  produced  by  the  efforts  made  to  introduce 
cotton  culture  in  new  countries,  and  to  extend  it  in  countries  where  it 
had  already  existed  on  a  small  scale.  It  is  at  once  little  and  much ;  little, 
if  compared  with  the  wants  to  be  satisfied ;  much,  if  we  take  account  of 
the  difficulties  overcome !  It  is  the  fact,  that  in  this  culture  the  capacity 
to  produce  is  far  from  being  a  pledge  or  giving  assurance  of  production. 
The  conditions  of  capital,  of  skill,  and  labor ;  those  even  of  political  or 
administrative  regulation,  play  parts  of  an  importance  nearly  equal  to 
the  influences  of  climate  and  geographical  situation. 

It  would  be  difficult  to  say  at  present  which  will  be  the  new  countries 


COTTON.  Ill 

permanently  acquiring  the  cotton  culture;  but  there  are  some  where  it 
will  infallibly  extend,  because  there  it  succeeds  perfectly.  Queensland 
and  Tahiti  stand  in  the  first  line  for  their  long  staples  (soies.)  As  to 
those  countries  where  the  culture  has  been  a  long  time  established  and 
developed,  as  in  the  Indies,  Brazil,  and  Egypt,  it  is  evident  that  from 
them  will  be  received  the  most  important  assistance  in  a  time  of  scarcity. 

The  further  we  advance  in  our  task  the  more  difficult  it  becomes  to 
follow  each  country  in  its  successive  steps  of  progress  in  the  cotton  cul- 
ture. The  extent  of  a  work  of  this  kind  will  be  better  understood,  and 
the  absence  of  interest  which  would  attach  to  it  if  pushed  to  its  extreme 
limits,  when  it  is  known  that,  in  addition  to  the  sources  of  supply  to 
which  Europe  habitually  looks,  there  happen  to  be  one  hundred  and  sev- 
enty-one places  of  production,  and  that  in  observing  the  arrivals  in  the 
ports  we  constantly  learn  of  new  ones. 

We  will  then  only  pause  a  moment  at  those  which,  like  Turkey  and 
Greece,  are  too  near  us  not  to  feel  the  effect  of  our  stimulations  to  a 
larger  production,  and  in  closing  we  will  devote  a  few  lines  to  our 
colonies. 

TURKEY,  GREECE,  PERSIA,  MALTA,  ETC. 

Importation  into  Europe,  163,000  bales  in  1866->67. 

In  an  address  to  the  Sultan  in  July,  of  this  year,  on  the  occasion  of 
his  visit  to  England,  the  Cotton  Association  congratulated  him  that  the 
exportation  of  cotton  for  England,  from  the  states  of  his  dominion,  had 
increased  from  41,212  hundred  weight,  (2,060,600  kilograms,)  which  it 
attained  in  the  year  1862,  to  223,000  hundred  weight,  (11,150,000  kilo- 
grams.) There  had  been,  as  there  ought  to  be,  under  the  influence  of 
repeated  encouragements,  a  very  considerable  increase,  independent  of 
an  improvement  of  quality,  from  the  use  of  better  gins  and  seeds.  The 
steps  accomplished  in  respect  of  quantity  would  have  been  even  more 
conspicuous  but  for  the  extreme  haste  attending  the  shipments. 

Especially  was  there  very  great  improvement  upon  the  cotton  of  Salo- 
nica,  Yolo,  and  Piree,  both  in  staple  and  cleanliness.  The  contributions 
from  Smyrna  and  Syria  have  equally  presented  good  results,  whereas 
the  cotton  from  Egypt  and  Algeria  has,  on  the  contrary,  left  something 
to  be  desired  in  respect  both  of  strength  and  length  (of  fibre.)  The  cot- 
tons of  Cyprus  are  not  improved. 

ITALY. 

Importation  into  France : 

In  1861,  in  1,000  kilograms 30 

In  1862,  in  1,000  kilograms 37 

In  1863,  in  1,000  kilograms 441 

In  1864,  in  1,000  kilograms 

In  1865,  in  1,000  kilograms 3,150 


112  PARIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 

Estimate  of  crops :  Manchester,  upon  the  Italian  data  given,  valued 
that  of  1863  at  89,000  bales  of  100  kilograms ; i  an  exaggerated  figure. 
For  1865,  the  estimate  was  8,500,000  kilograms.  These  statistics  want 
exactness.  The  mills  of  the  country  retain  a  good  part  of  the  cotton 
which  grows  at  their  doors. 

Here  are  yet  further  figures  that  we  owe  to  a  house  in  Naples,  who 
regret  their  inability  to  give  only  approximations : 

1.  Before  the  American  war  we  estimated  the  production  of  the  Nea- 
politan provinces  at  1,335,000  kilograms ;  that  of  the  Sicilian  provinces 
the  same ;  say,  together,  2,670,000  kilograms. 

2.  In  1864  and  1865,  we  estimated  the  production  of  the  Neapolitan 
and  Sicilian  provinces  each  at  4,450,000  kilograms ;  together,  say,  8,900,000 
kilograms. 

Whereas  the  exportation  (it  being  relieved  of  the  duty  imposed  upon 
the  foreign  article)  in  1864  was  2,581,000  kilograms,  and  in  1865  it  was 
4,005,000;  the  remainder  has  thus  been  consumed  at  home,  especially 
by  the  mills  in  the  north  part  of  Italy. 

SPAIN. 

The  decrees  of  1810  and  1811,  which  regulated  the  right  of  admission 
for  cotton  and  wool  into  France,  treat  with  comparative  favor  the  cottons 
of  Naples  (Castellainare)  and  those  of  Spain,  (Motril ;)  but  the  differential 
dutjc  disappeared  in  1814,  and  soon  with  them  the  names  even  of  the 
Clstellamare  and  Motril  cottons,  which  the  generation  that  preceded  us 
had  heard  so  often  while  the  continental  system  endured. 

We  have  mentioned  the  resumption  of  the  cotton  culture  in  Italy.  It 
was  in  1865  only  that  it  appeared  to  have  had  a  place  at  Motril,  a  small 
port  near  Grenada. 

They  estimate  the  crop  of  1865-'66  at  630,000  kilograms ;  of  1866-767 
at  840,000  kilograms ;  and  it  is  supposed  that  the  crop  of  1867-'68  will 
attain  to  1,000,000  kilograms. 

The  larger  part  of  these  cottons  have  been  spun  by  an  establishment 
at  Malaga.  Only  a  small  quantity  has  been  shipped  u  England,  and 
none  of  it  to  France.  It  is  sold  at  the  current  price  of  Egyptian,  with 
which  it  corresponds  in  quality. 

Some  cotton  has  been  grown  at  Iviza,  (Balearic  Isles,)  and  sold  to  the 
spinners  at  Barcelona. 

These  appear  to  be  the  limits  of  the  attempts  at  cotton  culture  in  Spain. 

1  Weights  of  bales  fictitious,  for  the  bales  of  Castellamare  are  reckoned  among  the  heavi- 
est that  appear  in  market. 


COTTON. 


113 


FRENCH  COLONIES. 


The  following  are  the  quantities  taken  for  consumption  in  France,  for 
the  several  years  and  the  places  of  production,  (in  kilograms  :) 


1861. 

1862. 

1863. 

1864. 

1865. 

\lgeria     

246,000 

134,000 

157,000 

443,000 

560,000 

105  000 

242  000 

Martinique          .                         .           

50,000 

65  000 

187  000 

639  000 

304  000 

The  importation  of  cotton  from  Algeria  constituted  in  1860  and  1861 
only  .05  (five  hundredths  of  one)  per  cent,  of  the  general  importation ; 
but  this  quantity,  so  insignificant  in  appearance,  represented  not  less 
than  five  or  six  per  cent,  of  the  manufacturing  demand  for  fine  cottons, 
long  staple,  and  has  rendered  precious  service.  So  we  shall  be  happy  to 
see  realized  the  hopes  which  depend  upon  the  great  works  of  damming 
destined  to  bestow  upon  Algeria  the  means  of  irrigation,  indispensable  to 
ts  cotton  culture,  so  often  compromised  by  drought. 

Guadaloupe,  which  has  produced  about  one-half  less  than  Algeria, 
appears  to  be  stopped  in  its  attempts ;  and  it  is  grievous,  for  its  fitness 
to  produce  the  finest  sort  of  long  staple  remains  undisputed. 

Guiana,  Oochin-China,  Senegal,  Corsica,  even  our  own  departments 
du  Midi,  which  had  for  a  time  believed  they  could  enter  the  listl}  forget- 
ting that  they  lacked  two  months  of  sun,  are  not  outside  the  limits  of 
attempts  more  or  less  successful,  of  which  the  results  are  too  limited  to 
enter  into  statistics. 

IV.— SOURCES  OF  SUPPLY  OF  THE  VARIOUS  KINDS  OF  COT- 
TOX  EMPLOYED  IN  MANUFACTURES,  1864  TO  1867. 

[Long-stapled  sorts  are  marked  *.] 


Alabama United  States. 

Arica ...  *Peru. 

Aricati 1 ...  'Brazil. 

Adenos Levant. 

Arkansas United  States. 

Angola West  Africa. 

Algeria *Africa. 

Armenia Asia. 

Acre,  (St.  Jean  d') Syria. 

Akoot Hindostan. 

Banda *Dutch  possessions. 

Barbadoes *  Antilles. 

Bahia "Brazil. 

Broach Hindostan. 

Bourbon *French  possessions. 

Bermuda ^English  possessions. 

Bahamas English  possessions. 

9  c 


Bownuggur Hindostau. 

Barri Italy. 

Bagdad Turkey  in  Asia. 

Ceylon British  India. 

Candia Archipelago. 

Camptah Hindostan. 

Cassaba .Smyrna,  (Levant.) 

Caraccas 'Central  America 

Cyprus Levant. 

Ceara "Brazil. 

Candahar  . . . , East  Indies. 

Carthagena "Venezuela. 

Coimbator Hindostan. 

Cote  Ferine. 

Cumana "Central  America. 

Castellamare Italy. 

Cayenne *  French  Guiana. 


114 


PARIS    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION. 


China. 

C^mouchi *Brazil. 

Carolina United  States. 

Cuba .^Spanish  Antilles. 

Casma *Peru. 

Caramania Turkey  in  Asia. 

Cephallonia Ionian  Isles. 

Coted'Or Senegal. 

Caucasus Asia. 

Constantinople Turkey. 

Cocanadah Hindostan. 

Catania Italy. 

Calabria Italy. 

Dhollerah Hindostan. 

Dharwar Hindostan. 

Demarara *  English  Guiana. 

Dardanelles Turkey  in  Europe. 

Elias *Peru. 

Feejee  Islands 

Florida *United  States. 

Francavilla Italy. 

Georgia,  (uplands) United  States. 

Georgia,  (Sea Island ).* United  States. 

Guadaloupe *Little  Antilles. 

Guayaquil ^Ecuador. 

Grenada Spain. 

Galles  of  the  South East  Indies. 

Hayti *Grand  Antilles. 

Hinghenghaut East  Indies. 

Jumel "Egypt. 

Jamaica *  West  Indies. 

Idelep Syria. 

Java *Isles  of  Sunda. 

Japan Asia. 

Jujures 

Jumboreer Hindostan. 

Kandish Hindostan. 

Kircagach Levant. 

Kurachee Hindostan. 

Kinick ..  Levant. 

Kirekly Hindostan. 

Louisiana United  States. 

La  Guayra *  Venezuela. 

Lagos Africa. 

Liberia Africa. 

Livadi Greece. 

Loanda Africa. 

Latakia Syria. 

Majorca "Spain. 

Manjalore *  Hindostan. 

Minas ^Brazil. 

Macedonia Turkey. 

Malta English  possessions. 

Maceio *Brazil. 


Metelin Turkey. 

Madras Hindostan. 

Martinique *Little  Antilles. 

Mobile United  States. 

Maranham *  Brazil. 

Mazzara Italy. 

Marocco Africa. 

Nevis Little  Antilles. 

Navigator's  Island Polynesia. 

Nasca *Teru. 

Naplouse Syria. 

Natal Africa. 

New  Orleans United  States. 

Nicaragua *Central  America. 

Oomruwuttee Hindostan. 

Philippine  islands South  Seas. 

Pay  ta .. . *Peru. 

Persia Asia. 

Pisco "Peru. 

Paraiba *Brazil. 

Porto  Rico *  Antilles. 

Para *Brazil. 

Puerto  Cabello *  Venezuela. 

Paramaribo *Dutch  Guiana. 

Pirseus Greece. 

Pouille Italy. 

Pacchino Italy. 

Pernambuco *Brazil. 

Queensland *  Australia. 

Rangoon India. 

Realejo ^Central  America. 

Rio  Grande *Brazil. 

Red  Western Madras. 

Rio  Hacha *South  America. 

Rarotonga South  Sea  islands. 

Surat Hindostan. 

Smyrna Turkey  in  Asia. 

Senegal Africa. 

Surinam *  Dutch  Guiana. 

Sonboujeac Levant. 

Scinde East  Indies. 

Somanco 

Salonica Turkey. 

Syria Asia. 

Shanghai China. 

Salem *Hindostan. 

Sciacca Italy. 

Siam *  Asia. 

Singapore Asia. 

Seychelles Indian  ocean. 

Sardinia 

South  Seas 

Tahiti ^Society  Islands. 

Tobago English  Antilles. 

Tinnevilly Madras. 


COTTON. 


115 


Tennessee United  States. 

Tortola .  *  Antilles. 

Trinidad  de  Cuba *Spanish  Antilles. 

Texas' United  States. 

Toomels Hindostan. 

Tarsus Turkey  in  Asia. . 

Tripoli Barbary  states. 

Trebizcnd Asia. 

St.  Thomas *  Danish  Antilles. 

Tunis Barbary  States. 

Terranova Italy, 


Tampico Mexico. 

Tarranto Italy. 

Uruguay * South  America. 

Virginia United  States. 

Varinas  Venezuela. 

Venezuela *  South  America. 

Volo Macedonia. 

Weraoul Hindostan. 

Yucatan *Mexico. 

Zante Ionian  Isles. 

New  Zealand English  possessions. 


The  foregoing  catalogue  concludes  the  section  of  the  jury  report  by 
M.  Dollfus  upon  the  production  of  cotton. 

This  catalogue  is  given  in  full  here  because  it  is  nearly  identical  in 
extent  and  details  with  the  list  of  samples  of  the  cotton  of  all  countries 
exhibited  at  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1867  by  the  Manchester  Cotton 
Supply  Association,  and  with  the  excellent  collection  of  samples  sup- 
plied to  the  United  States  Commission  to  the  Exposition,  by  the  cour- 
tesy of  the  same  association,  as  described  in  the  first  part  of  this  report. 


. 


14  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

LOAN  DEPT. 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 

on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 
Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall. 


LD 


LD 


A  4  °«  -8  AM 


APR  2  01970 


REC'D  LD  MA 


- 


21  70 '1PM 


LD  21A-40m-4,'63 
(D6471slO)476B 


General  Library 

University  of  California 

Berkeley 


YC   18514 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


